iSEEK - Education

Question 4: What is the danger of mobile [cellular] phones and can they cause cancer of the face or brain? Mobile phones radiate and receive electromagnetic radiation in the band of 800 - 900 MHz. This is non-ionizing radiation, but thought by some to have...

www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/qanda.htm#bio

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Science Framework (CA Dept. of Education)

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94 Chapter 4 The Science Content Standards for Grades Six Through Eight Grade Six Focus on Earth Sciences Convection occurs because most fluids become less dense when heated; the hot fluid will rise through cold fluid because of the hot fluid’s greater buoyancy. As hot fluid arises away from a heat source, it may cool, become denser, and sink back to the source to be warmed again. The resulting circulation is called a convection current. Convection currents account for the water in a kettle

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46 Chapter 3 The Science Content Standards for Kindergarten Through Grade Five Grade Three certainly for the treatment of the subject in grade three, energy is the ability to do work; to make things move, stretch, or grow; or to cause physical and chemical changes. Throughout the study of science, many more forms of energy and their effects will become evident. Students in grade three should understand that Earth’s major source of energy is the Sun and that the Sun’s energy is seen as light

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to a colder object is referred to as heat flow. Heat may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation. Standard Sets 3 and 4 in grade six deal in depth with the relationships between heat and convection in Earth’s mantle, oceans, and atmo sphere. Material covered in those standards will build a foundation for the study of heat. Students will learn that atoms are free to move in different ways in solids, liquids, and gases and that heat may be given off or absorbed during chemical reac tions

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involves no flow of matter) and in fluids by conduction and by convection (which involves flow of matter). This standard focuses on differences between heat transfer by conduction and by convection and begins to build an understanding of the kinetic molecular theory of heat transfer. In both solids and fluids (liquids and gases), heat transfer is mea sured by changes in temperature. Conduction occurs when a group of atoms or molecules whose average kinetic energy is greater than that of another group

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94 Chapter 4 The Science Content Standards for Grades Six Through Eight Grade Six Focus on Earth Sciences Convection occurs because most fluids become less dense when heated; the hot fluid will rise through cold fluid because of the hot fluid’s greater buoyancy. As hot fluid arises away from a heat source, it may cool, become denser, and sink back to the source to be warmed again. The resulting circulation is called a convection current. Convection currents account for the water in a kettle

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4. Many phenomena on Earth’s surface are affected by the transfer of energy through radiation and convection currents. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know the sun is the major source of energy for phenomena on Earth’s surface; it powers winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle. Radiation from the Sun penetrates the atmosphere by heating the air, the oceans, and the land. Solar radiation is also converted directly to stored energy in plants through photosynthesis. The Sun is

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coloring) on hot water and trace the re sulting convection currents. Another way is to heat one end of an elongated cake pan full of water. Convection may be observed by adding drops of food coloring. 4. e. Students know differences in pressure, heat, air movement, and hu midity result in changes of weather. Changes in local temperatures, atmospheric pressure, wind, and humidity cre ate the weather that everyone experiences. All those effects are connected directly to the processes associated with the

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141 The study on reactions begun in grade eight will support future studies about conservation of matter and stoichiometry as well as work on acids, bases, and solu tions. Students will go beyond studying reactions and their reactant/product rela tionships to work with the rates of reaction and chemical equilibrium. Students should be able to envision a chemical equation at the atomic and molecular levels. They should “see” the number of reactant atoms and molecules in the equation coming together

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142 Chapter 4 The Science Content Standards for Grades Six Through Eight Grade Eight Focus on Physical Sciences water, the screw-on cap, and one-quarter of an effervescent tablet. After the piece of tablet is dropped in the water, the container is immediately sealed. When the fizz ing has stopped, the combined mass of the sealed container and the tablet should remain the same. After the seal is broken, much of the carbon dioxide gas formed by the reaction escapes, and the mass of the

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internal energy from one system to another, because of a temperature difference, is known as heat flow. There are three basic kinds of heat flow: conduction, convection, and radiation. Students should have first learned about these processes in the sixth grade. As heat is transferred to a system (object), the temperature of the system (ob ject) may increase. Substances vary in the amount of heat necessary to raise their temperatures by a given amount. More mass in the system clearly requires more heat for

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objects do not need to be in direct physical contact with a source of energy. For instance, light transmits from a distant star, heat radiates from a fire, and sound propagates from distant thunder. Energy may be transferred by radiation, for example, from the Sun to Earth; therefore, radiation is also an example of a non- contact energy transfer. Both sight and hearing are senses that can perceive energy patterned to convey information without direct contact between the source and the sensing organ. If

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of rules for this procedure are com monly found in chemistry textbooks. In many important chemical reactions, elements change their oxidation states. These changes are called redox, or oxidation-reduction reactions. Respiration and photosynthesis are common examples with which students are familiar. Any chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one substance to another is an oxidationreduction reaction. Transfer can be determined by check ing the oxidation states of atoms in reactants

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motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface create the observable pressure on that surface. Fluids consist of molecules that freely move past each other in random direc tions. Intermolecular forces hold the atoms or molecules in liquids close to each other. Gases consist of tiny particles, either atoms or molecules, spaced far apart from each other and reasonably free to move at high speeds, near the speed of sound. In the study of chemistry, gases and liquids are considered fluids.

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207 section require students to know the concepts presented in the physics section of this chapter, Standard Set 3, “Heat and Thermodynamics.” Those standards pro vide a foundation for understanding the kinetic molecular model and introduce students to concepts of heat and entropy. 7. Energy is exchanged or transformed in all chemical reactions and physical changes of matter. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the

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Values for the enthalpy of formation of thousands of compounds are available in reference books. Hess’s law states that if a chemical reaction is carried out in any imaginable series of steps, the net enthalpy change (heat absorbed) in the reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps. For example, a reaction can be imagined to proceed in just two steps: first, making its reactants into elements, and second, making those elements into products. The enthalpy change in a reaction aA

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Standard Set 7, “Chemical Thermodynamics,” in this section). The ability to calculate rates of change from slopes of lines and curves is required. STANDARD SET 8. Reaction Rates Chapter 5 The Science Content Standards for Grades Nine Through Twelve Chemistry 8. Chemical reaction rates depend on factors that influence the frequency of collision of reactant molecules. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know the rate of reaction is the decrease in concentration of reactants or the

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211 Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state. To understand the factors affecting equilibrium and to write expressions used to quantify a state of equilibrium, students will need a thorough knowledge of reaction rates (see Standard Set 8, “Reaction Rates,” in this section) and of chemical thermo dynamics (see Standard Set 7, “Chemical Thermodynamics,” in this section). Changes in heat accompanying chemical reactions and spontaneity of chemical reactions are key topics. Students should be able to

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that reactant. Students need to remember that heat is a reactant in endothermic reactions and a product in exothermic reactions. Therefore, increasing temperature will shift an en dothermic reaction, for example, to the right to regain equilibrium. Students should note that any endothermic chemical reaction is exothermic in the reverse direction. Pressure is proportional to concentration for gases; therefore, for chemical reac tions that have a gaseous product or reactant, pressure affects the system as

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266 Chapter 5 The Science Content Standards for Grades Nine Through Twelve Earth Sciences not fully understood, and therefore predictions of changes in global temperatures contain some uncertainty. Students know that the uneven heating of Earth causes air movements and that oceans and the water cycle influence weather. They also know that heat energy is transferred by radiation, conduction, and convection and that radiation from the Sun is respon sible for winds and ocean currents, which in

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system as energy is exchanged between them. Ocean currents rise in part because cool or more saline waters descend, set ting circulation patterns in motion. These currents also distribute heat from the equator toward the pole. 5. b. Students know the relationship between the rotation of Earth and the circular motions of ocean currents and air in pressure centers. Earth rotates on an axis, and all flow of fluids on or below the surface appears to be deflected by the Coriolis effect, making right turns in

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276 Chapter 5 The Science Content Standards for Grades Nine Through Twelve Earth Sciences back to diatomic oxygen. This absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the strato sphere reduces radiation levels at Earth’s surface and mitigates harmful effects on plants and animals. The formation and destruction of ozone creates an equilibrium concentration of ozone in the stratosphere. A reduction in stratospheric ozone near the poles has been detected, believed to be caused by the release of

www.cde.ca.gov/re/pn/fd/documents/scienceframework.pdf#page=103

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Science NetLinks: The Transfer of Energy 2: ...

space by radiation. If the material is fluid, currents will be set up in it that aid the transfer of heat. Energy appears in different forms. Heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules; chemical energy is in the arrangement of...

www.sciencenetlinks.com/lessons.cfm?DocID=402

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Refrigerators

Motion Falling Bodies Graphs of Motion Kinematics and Calculus Kinematics in Two Dimensions Projectiles Parametric Equations Dynamics I: Force Forces Force & Mass Action-Reaction Weight Friction Equilibrium Forces in Two Dimensions Centripetal Force Frames o...

hypertextbook.com/physics/thermal/refrigerators/index.shtml

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Principles of Radiation Protection

of tissues in which they are deposited and may cause cellular changes. Such changes may result in adverse health effects in the short-or long-term, depending on the nature of the changes. Alpha particles may be encountered in contamination created by...

books.nap.edu/books/0309058953/html/13.html#pagetop

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Environmental Literacy: Example Environmental Science Glossary

Ages) but current concern is that the increase in greenhouse gases generated by humans, particularly carbon dioxide emissions from use of fossil fuels, will contributing to global warming. Preferred term now is global climate changes because changes in average temperatures have effe...

www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/153.php

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Teacher's Guide: Firefighting

convection, and radiation. To occur, chemical reactions like burning often require a high molecular agitation--that is, a high temperature. Conduction is the transport of heat through solids by direct contact. This transfer goes from molecule to molecule down the c...

www.newtonsapple.tv/TeacherGuide.php?id=1162

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Science NetLinks: The Transfer of Energy 1: Thermochemistry

on in the universe—from exploding stars and biological growth to the operation of machines and the motion of people—involves some form of energy being transformed into another. Energy in the form of heat is almost always one of the products of an...

www.sciencenetlinks.com/lessons.cfm?DocID=401

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Introduction to the Atmosphere

(), which accounts for 21%. Various trace gases make up the remainder. Based on temperature, the atmosphere is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Energy is transferred between the earth's surface and the atmosphere via conduc...

www.ucar.edu/learn/1_1_1.htm

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Einstein's Big Idea: Messing with Mass

observations, collect the bags in a bucket or container. Give students time to answer the questions on their student handout. Then have a discussion about the nature of a chemical reaction. Why was there a reaction in the student activity but not one in...

www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/3213_einstein_03.html

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