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 Smithsonian: Building Up, Breaking Down
NATURAL MATERIALS WATER AGGREGATE SAND CLAY LIME Ceramic Tile Glass Brick Asphalt Plaster Concrete Mortar REFINED CRUDE OIL (silica sand) 7 BUILDING MATERIAL FACTS This material is ___ Shows weathering Yes No (circle one) Made with natural materials Yes No (circle one) Contains or once...
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NATURAL MATERIALS WATER AGGREGATE SAND CLAY LIME Ceramic Tile Glass Brick Asphalt Plaster Concrete Mortar REFINED CRUDE OIL (silica sand) 7 BUILDING MATERIAL FACTS This material is ___ Shows weathering Yes No (circle one) Made with natural materials Yes No (circle one) Contains or once contained: (check box) ❑ sand ❑ refined crude oil ❑ clay ❑ quarried rock ❑ lime ❑ ore minerals ❑ water ❑ aggregate
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http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=3
www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=3
prevents deterioration. BUILDING MATERIALS Aggregate is crushed stone, <span class="highlight">sand</span>, and gravel (small, naturally loose pieces of rock). Asphalt is a mixture of <span class="highlight">sand</span> and a liquid product refined from crude oil, combined with aggregate. Brick is a baked mixture of <span class="highlight">sand</span>, clay, and water. Cement is a fine, gray powder that is made by firing clay and limestone in a kiln. Ceramic tiles are made by firing a mixture of clay, chemicals, and water. Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregate, <span class="highlight">sand</span>, and water. Dimension stones
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http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=4
www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=4
further fracturing. Some chemical weathering is a consequence of acids produced by living things growing on the rock. The deterioration of structures such as bridges and statues has increased dramatically in the last few decades, how- ever, because of chemical changes that produce acid rain. Pollution from automobiles and industrial plants adds sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and other gasses to the natural carbon dioxide in the air. 4 <span class="highlight">Sand</span> is used in glass, concrete, asphalt, bricks, and the mortar that holds
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http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=7
www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=7
NATURAL MATERIALS WATER AGGREGATE <span class="highlight">SAND</span> CLAY LIME Ceramic Tile Glass Brick Asphalt Plaster Concrete Mortar REFINED CRUDE OIL (silica <span class="highlight">sand</span>) 7 BUILDING MATERIAL FACTS This material is ___ Shows weathering Yes No (circle one) Made with natural materials Yes No (circle one) Contains or once contained: (check box) ❑ <span class="highlight">sand</span> ❑ refined crude oil ❑ clay ❑ quarried rock ❑ lime ❑ ore minerals ❑ water ❑ aggregate
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http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=8
www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=8
8asphalt transparent ceramic tiles holds bricks together metal water + clay + chemicals baked mixture of water, clay and <span class="highlight">sand</span> dimension stone plastermanufactured stone melted silica <span class="highlight">sand</span> + chemicals solid rock from a quarry FREE brickconcrete clay-rich square plates contains cement powder manufactured stone contains refined crude oil spread on walls brick made from mined ore minerals mortar concreteglass
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http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=10
www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/building.pdf#page=10
This close-up view of the base of a marker shows flaking and chipping caused by physical weathering. 10 This sandstone tablet is disappearing because of chemical weathering.The mineral calcite, which holds the quartz <span class="highlight">sand</span> grains together, dissolves away. The loosened <span class="highlight">sand</span> accumulates at the marker’s base. If acidic precipitation continues to damage the stone, only a pile of loose red <span class="highlight">sand</span> will remain. Leanne Wiberg Leanne Wiberg
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