iSEEK - Education

on this study are: 1. increasing the number of available formal sector jobs; 2. raising productivity levels for existing areas of employment, in agriculture as well as both the informal and formal sectors. The main channel for achiev- ing higher productivity is to increase the levels of both public and private investment; 3. expanding the size of the domestic and foreign markets for goods and ser- vices produced by Kenyans; 4. improving access to both domestic and foreign markets, for large-scale and small

228 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/Kenya.pdf#page=228 www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/Kenya.pdf#page=228

on this study are: 1. increasing the number of available formal sector jobs; 2. raising productivity levels for existing areas of employment, in agriculture as well as both the informal and formal sectors. The main channel for achiev- ing higher productivity is to increase the levels of both public and private investment; 3. expanding the size of the domestic and foreign markets for goods and ser- vices produced by Kenyans; 4. improving access to both domestic and foreign markets, for large-scale and small

www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/Kenya.pdf#page=228

Average Rating (0 votes)

For full Report: South Africa

68 68

83 83

180 180

1 0

capital, profit- ability and relative returns to investment in physical capital, and indicators of uncertainty and instability. We explore further the determinants of investment by focusing on the factors that are most directly related to macroeconomic policy. Mac- roeconomic policy may affect investment through the cost of capital. We decompose the cost of capital to investigate the factors that are most pertinent in driving private investment. We explore the interest rate and exchange rate channels of the

68 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=68 www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=6...

35Supply-Side Perspectives on Employment Expansion rise in worker morale associated with a higher wage standard. In light of the current discussion, it is also important to recognize that this same efficiency wage effect will operate in reverse. That is, a strategy of wage cutting will en- gender reduced efficiency—more turnover, more absenteeism, lower morale on the job. Thus, through this negative efficiency wage channel as well, a wage- cutting strategy would seem to be a viable strategy for reducing

83 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=83 www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=8...

will work in South Africa. One effect is that the lower interest rates will en- courage consumers to borrow more, and thereby increase their purchases of homes, cars, and consumer durables. The other effect will be to lower the payments households have to make on their existing debts, since payments on most debts vary with changes in interest rates. Through this channel, even if consumers do not borrow more money due to the fall in interest rates, they will still have more income to spend, since it will

180 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=180 www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=1...

capital, profit- ability and relative returns to investment in physical capital, and indicators of uncertainty and instability. We explore further the determinants of investment by focusing on the factors that are most directly related to macroeconomic policy. Mac- roeconomic policy may affect investment through the cost of capital. We decompose the cost of capital to investigate the factors that are most pertinent in driving private investment. We explore the interest rate and exchange rate channels of the

www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=1...

Average Rating (0 votes)

Can Privatisation and Commercialisation of Public Services Help Achieve The MDGs? An Asses...

1 0

average daily incom e of Africans earning less than one dollar per day dropped from 64 cents in 1981 to 60 cents in 2001 (World D evelopment Indicators 2005). 1.1 SH IFTIN G TH E D EBATE This working paper exam ines the im pact of m arket-oriented reform policies on the delivery of basic services. There is consensus that achieving the M D G s will require efficient and equitable delivery of basic public services, especially water, electricity, health care and education. The debate is over the choice of

4 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=4 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=4

average daily incom e of Africans earning less than one dollar per day dropped from 64 cents in 1981 to 60 cents in 2001 (World D evelopment Indicators 2005). 1.1 SH IFTIN G TH E D EBATE This working paper exam ines the im pact of m arket-oriented reform policies on the delivery of basic services. There is consensus that achieving the M D G s will require efficient and equitable delivery of basic public services, especially water, electricity, health care and education. The debate is over the choice of

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=4

Average Rating (0 votes)

Managing the Exchange Rate Consequences of an MDG-Related Scale-up in HIV/AIDS Financing

1 0

8 Conference Paper Not only is this likely to have an effect on overall output growth; in the area of food production it can also have a direct effect on hum an developm ent outcom es. In econom ies where food production for hom e consum ption is critical to m eeting m inim um dietary needs, reduced food production can m ean lower nutrition outcom es generally, and for children in particular. Poor nutrition outcom es, besides the direct im plication of increased hunger, can have negative

10 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCConferencePaper1.pdf#page=10 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCConferencePaper1.pdf#page=10

8 Conference Paper Not only is this likely to have an effect on overall output growth; in the area of food production it can also have a direct effect on hum an developm ent outcom es. In econom ies where food production for hom e consum ption is critical to m eeting m inim um dietary needs, reduced food production can m ean lower nutrition outcom es generally, and for children in particular. Poor nutrition outcom es, besides the direct im plication of increased hunger, can have negative

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCConferencePaper1.pdf#page=10

Average Rating (0 votes)

The Challenges of El Salvador�s Conditional Cash Transfer Programme, Red Solidaria

1 0

of them have to reach these destinations on foot. These three key stakeholders (FISDL local representatives, municipal liaisons and NGOs for family support and follow-up) are the core of the municipal committees of the programme, which also include representatives from the health and education sectors (usually the director of the health unit in the municipality and an employee of the departmental office of the Ministry of Education), as well as community leaders and, in some cases, representatives

17 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy9.pdf#page=17 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy9.pdf#page=17

of them have to reach these destinations on foot. These three key stakeholders (FISDL local representatives, municipal liaisons and NGOs for family support and follow-up) are the core of the municipal committees of the programme, which also include representatives from the health and education sectors (usually the director of the health unit in the municipality and an employee of the departmental office of the Ministry of Education), as well as community leaders and, in some cases, representatives

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy9.pdf#page=17

Average Rating (0 votes)

Assessing the pro-poorness of government fiscal policy in Thailand

1 0

20 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 15 REFERENCES Foster, J., G reer, J. and Thorbecke, E. (1984). “A Class of D ecom posable Poverty M easures”, Econometrica 52, No.3, 761-766. G em m ell, N. (2002). “Fiscal Policy in a G row th Fram ew ork”, D iscussion Paper No. 2001/84, W ID ER, Helsinki. Heller, P.S. (1981). “Testing the im pact of Value-Added and global incom e tax reform s on Korean Tax incidence in 1976: an input-output and sensitivity analysis”, IM F Staff Papers, Vol. 23

22 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=22 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=22

20 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 15 REFERENCES Foster, J., G reer, J. and Thorbecke, E. (1984). “A Class of D ecom posable Poverty M easures”, Econometrica 52, No.3, 761-766. G em m ell, N. (2002). “Fiscal Policy in a G row th Fram ew ork”, D iscussion Paper No. 2001/84, W ID ER, Helsinki. Heller, P.S. (1981). “Testing the im pact of Value-Added and global incom e tax reform s on Korean Tax incidence in 1976: an input-output and sensitivity analysis”, IM F Staff Papers, Vol. 23

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=22

Average Rating (0 votes)

The Impact of Foreign Aid on Government Spending, Revenue and Domestic Borrowing in Ethiop...

1 0

Pedro M . G . M artins 19 the variables. The ‘critical values’ used to assess cointegration were those from Pesaran et al. (2001). The target for government revenues (T*) was obtained by regressing T on exports (X) and imports (M ). Export taxes were until recently an important source of revenue while import duties have accounted for a substantial share of tax revenue. The target for government investment (Ig*) was obtained from the fitted values of the long-run relationship among G D P, loan

21 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper41.pdf#page=21 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper41.pdf#page=21

Pedro M . G . M artins 19 the variables. The ‘critical values’ used to assess cointegration were those from Pesaran et al. (2001). The target for government revenues (T*) was obtained by regressing T on exports (X) and imports (M ). Export taxes were until recently an important source of revenue while import duties have accounted for a substantial share of tax revenue. The target for government investment (Ig*) was obtained from the fitted values of the long-run relationship among G D P, loan

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper41.pdf#page=21

Average Rating (0 votes)

An Employment-targeted Economic Programme for South Africa

1 0

ew here around 3.6 percent over a five year policy tim efram e. The resulting effects on inflation and the exchange rate w ould rem ain relatively m odest. H ow ever, the four percentage point decline in lending rates w ould not, by itself, induce an adequate increase in econom ic grow th for the 75–80 percent of the econom y that is not receiving credit subsidies. But in our judgm ent, allow ing the fiscal deficit to rise to roughly three percent of GDP should provide the rem aining stim ulus to m

9 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy1.pdf#page=9 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy1.pdf#page=9

ew here around 3.6 percent over a five year policy tim efram e. The resulting effects on inflation and the exchange rate w ould rem ain relatively m odest. H ow ever, the four percentage point decline in lending rates w ould not, by itself, induce an adequate increase in econom ic grow th for the 75–80 percent of the econom y that is not receiving credit subsidies. But in our judgm ent, allow ing the fiscal deficit to rise to roughly three percent of GDP should provide the rem aining stim ulus to m

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy1.pdf#page=9

Average Rating (0 votes)

Do Changes in the Labour Market Take Families out of Poverty? Determinants of Exiting Pove...

1 0

interview ed and w as in poverty. The consequence of this expansion on the sam ple has already been show n in Table 2. The results of the estim ated probability of exiting poverty for this new sam ple are show n in Table 5. All of the m odels use the households’ fixed covariates and include tim e-varying covariates in stages. The first m odel considers only the fluctuations in all em ployees’ average w age. The second m odel specifies the variation in average incom e according to occupation. The third m odel

22 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper44.pdf#page=22 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper44.pdf#page=22

interview ed and w as in poverty. The consequence of this expansion on the sam ple has already been show n in Table 2. The results of the estim ated probability of exiting poverty for this new sam ple are show n in Table 5. All of the m odels use the households’ fixed covariates and include tim e-varying covariates in stages. The first m odel considers only the fluctuations in all em ployees’ average w age. The second m odel specifies the variation in average incom e according to occupation. The third m odel

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper44.pdf#page=22

Average Rating (0 votes)

For full Report: Zambia

120 120

121 121

1 0

In other words, the Bank of Zambia has been largely 111 Eco lic r ro th y n e dy mnomic Po ies fo G w , Emplo ment a d Poverty Reduction: Cas Stu of Za bia c m Po s r o th, mp y nt nd v rt R n: a y f Za bE ono ic licie fo Gr w E lo me a Po e y eductio C se Stud o m ia 6 110 commercial channel for official and non- government organisation currency flows. These channels, possibly operating under different exchange rates, would reflect the specific features of each type of currency flow

120 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/Zambia.pdf#page=120 www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/Zambia.pdf#page=120

In other words, the Bank of Zambia has been largely 111 Eco mic Polic s for ro th, mp ym nt and v rt R d n: a e dy f Zambiano ie G w E lo e Po e y e uctio C s Stu o c nomic Po ies for G owth, Employment and Povert Redu tion: a y of Za biaE o lic r y c C se Stud m 6 110 commercial channel for official and non- government organisation currency flows. These channels, possibly operating under different exchange rates, would reflect the specific features of each type of currency flow. Transactions

121 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/Zambia.pdf#page=121 www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/Zambia.pdf#page=121

In other words, the Bank of Zambia has been largely 111 Eco lic r ro th y n e dy mnomic Po ies fo G w , Emplo ment a d Poverty Reduction: Cas Stu of Za bia c m Po s r o th, mp y nt nd v rt R n: a y f Za bE ono ic licie fo Gr w E lo me a Po e y eductio C se Stud o m ia 6 110 commercial channel for official and non- government organisation currency flows. These channels, possibly operating under different exchange rates, would reflect the specific features of each type of currency flow

www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/Zambia.pdf#page=121

Average Rating (0 votes)

Back to search results

1 2

Pages

Send results

Total time to process: 7481ms - Cache load: 0ms.

All Subjects
Art/Dance
Career Education
Civics/Government
Economics
English Language Arts
English as a Second Language
Foreign Languages
Global Studies
Health/Physical Education
History/Geography
Mathematics
Music/Theater
Philosophy
Psychology
Professional Development
Religion
School Adminstration
Special Education
Earth Science
Life Science
Physical Science
Technology