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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: scientific unity
unity of science became a distinctive theme of the scientific philosophy of logical empiricism. Logical empiricists—known controversially also as logical positivists—and most notably the founding members of the Vienna Circle in their Manifesto, adopted the Machian banner of &lsquo...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: bioethics
reasoning. Several strategies are employed including one that starts from specific contextual problems and then works toward increasing generalization.[2] These analyses have evolved out of recent work in feminist moral theory, increased interest in feminist bioethics, and th...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: epistemology and philosophy of science
begin with. They attain it by gaining collective consciousness of their role in the capitalist system and in history. Several aspects of workers' social situation enable them to attain an epistemically privileged perspective on society. Workers are oppressed, central to the capi...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: units and levels of
1988, Wilson and Colwell 1981, and Wade 1985 respectively). Overall, while many of the suggested techniques have had strengths, no one approach to this aspect of the interactor question has been generally accepted and indeed it remains the subject of debate in biological circles (Okasha 2004b...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: logic and
Logics 4. Reasoning about Action and Change 5. Causal Reasoning 6. Spatial Reasoning 7. Reasoning about Knowledge 8. Towards a Formalization of Common Sense 9. Logical Approaches to Natural Language and Communication 10. Taxonomic Representation and Reasoning 11. Contextual Reasoning 12. Pros...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: perspectives on class and work
Stanford University Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Author & Citation Info | Friends PDF Preview | InPho Search | PhilPapers Bibliography Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work First p...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: defaults in semantics and pragmatics
’ (see also Bezuidenhout and Morris 2004, Breheny et al 2006), while, in fact there is no such unique model to be falsified. The list of possible defining characteristics of default interpretations in [1]–[8] shows that it is difficult to talk about the default meani...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: connectionism
Haybron, D., 2000, “The Causal and Explanatory Role of Information Stored in Connectionist Networks,” Minds and Machines, 10: 361–380. Hinton, G., 1992, “How Neural Networks Learn from Experience,” Scientific American, 267(3): 145–151. Hinton, G. (ed...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: models in science
Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Author & Citation Info | Friends PDF Preview | InPho Search | PhilPapers Bibliography Models in Science First published Mon Feb 27, 2006; substanti...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: the biological notion of
1994; Podolsky and Tauber 1997; Grossman and Paul 2000; Cahalan and Gutman 2006 ), where agent and object play upon each other. Powerful molecular support for this contextual (or in another sense, ecological) orientation has been gathered. Consider the dominant model concerning...
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