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 Measuring the Impact of Price Changes on Poverty
6 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 ( ) ( ) ( ) � = � � � � � � � � − = − n i i i i * i * p pp 1 θηθ θθ p pp (15) w here iθη is the elasticity of θ w ith res...
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6 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 ( ) ( ) ( ) � = � � � � � � � � − = − n i i i i * i * p pp 1 θηθ θθ p pp (15) w here iθη is the elasticity of θ w ith respect to the price of the ith com m odity as defined in (11). The term on the right hand side of (15) m easures the im pact of the change in prices on poverty. How can w e m easure w hether changes in prices are pro-poor or anti-poor? To answ er this question
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=3
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=3
MEASURING THE IMPACT OF PRICE CHANGES ON POVERTY* Hyun H. Son** and N anak Kakw ani ABSTRACT This paper develops a m ethodology to m easure the im pact of price changes on poverty m easured by an entire class of additive separable poverty m easures. This im pact is captured by m eans of price elasticity of poverty. The total effect of changes in price on poverty is explained in term s of tw o <span class="highlight">com</span> ponents. The first <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent is the incom e effect of the change in price and the second is the
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=4
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=4
2 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 1 INTROD UCTION Changes in relative prices can have a large im pact on poverty yet m ost studies do not address the issue of relative prices.1 In the m easurem ent of trends in poverty, a <span class="highlight">com</span> m on m ethod is to update the poverty line over tim e using the Laspeyres price index, w hich uses the average budget shares as the w eights. This index is <span class="highlight">com</span> pletely insensitive to the distributional im pact of prices. Kenneth Arrow in 1958 noted that
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=6
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=6
4 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 ( ) ( )xw x xqp x p p x i iii i −=−= ∂ ∂ (5) w here ( )iw x is the budget share of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity at incom e level x. This equation im plies that if the price of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity increases by 1 percent, the real incom e (m oney m etric individual utility) x w ill decline by ( )iw x percent. This result w ill be used in the next section to derive the poverty elasticity w ith respect to prices. 4 PRICE ELASTICITY OF POVERTY To
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=7
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=7
Hyun H. Son and N anak Kakw ani 5 ( ) ( ) � −== z i i i i dxxfxxw x Pp p 0 1 ∂ ∂ θθ∂ ∂θηθ (11) This elasticity has a sim ilar interpretation as the elasticity of the head-count ratio: if the price of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity increases by 1 percent, the poverty m easured by θ w ill increase by iθη percent. If all prices increase by one percent, then θ w ill increase by θη percent, w here θη is given by 1 0 1 ( ) zm i i P xf x dx x θ θη η θ
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=8
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=8
6 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 ( ) ( ) ( ) � = � � � � � � � � − = − n i i i i * i * p pp 1 θηθ θθ p pp (15) w here iθη is the elasticity of θ w ith respect to the price of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity as defined in (11). The term on the right hand side of (15) m easures the im pact of the change in prices on poverty. How can w e m easure w hether changes in prices are pro-poor or anti-poor? To answ er this question
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=10
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=10
non-food consum ed by the population. W e aggregated all the food and non-food item s of consum ption into 51 <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity groups w hich w e could exactly m atch in the price data and the PO F. The national prices for the 51 <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity groups w ere calculated as the w eighted average of the prices for the sam e 51 <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity groups available from the tw elve regions, w ith w eights proportional to the population of each region. To begin w ith, w e calculated the price elasticity of poverty for the
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=12
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=12
10 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 The percentage change in poverty due to price changes can be decom posed into tw o <span class="highlight">com</span> ponents, incom e and distribution effects. The incom e effect m easures the change in poverty w hen all prices increase uniform ly, w hereas the distribution effect captures the change in poverty because of changes in relative prices. The distribution effect reveals how changes in relative prices have affected the poor relative to the non-poor. It can be seen
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=17
theoretical fram ew ork to capture the im pact of prices on poverty. 2. N ote that this relationship w ill be the first-order approxim ation because in this study w e ignore the substitution effect of price changes. 3. In this paper, expenditure and incom e are interchangeably used as a w elfare m easure. 4. This function is also referred to as the cost function in the literature. See D eaton and M uellbauer (1980). 5. This equation is based on Hick’s (1946) <span class="highlight">com</span> pensation variation CV = [e(u,p*) - e(u,p)], w
Strengthening the Employment Impact of an MDG-Based Development Strategy for Yemen
(as a m eans to m aintain low inflation), the Central Bank should seek to low er interest rates in order to stim ulate m ore dom estic investm ent. Figure 2 show s that the m ain source of Yem en’s inflation is rising food prices, especially since 2000. Thus, a useful short-run policy respons...
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(as a m eans to m aintain low inflation), the Central Bank should seek to low er interest rates in order to stim ulate m ore dom estic investm ent. Figure 2 show s that the m ain source of Yem en’s inflation is rising food prices, especially since 2000. Thus, a useful short-run policy response to com bat inflationary pressures w ould be to initiate a food price stabilization program m e. This w ould help hold dow n real w ages and contribute to Yem en’s international com petitiveness in non-oil exports
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy4.pdf#page=16
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy4.pdf#page=16
(as a m eans to m aintain low inflation), the Central Bank should seek to low er interest rates in order to stim ulate m ore dom estic investm ent. Figure 2 show s that the m ain source of Yem en’s inflation is rising food prices, especially since 2000. Thus, a useful short-run policy response to <span class="highlight">com</span> bat inflationary pressures w ould be to initiate a food price stabilization program m e. This w ould help hold dow n real w ages and contribute to Yem en’s international <span class="highlight">com</span> petitiveness in non-oil exports
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy4.pdf#page=17
International Poverty Centre 15 m onetary policies. Appreciation of the exchange rate encourages capital outflow s, w hich can rob Yem en of potential developm ent resources. H ence, the Central Bank should regulate the capital account. A priority w ould be to restrict <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercial banks from investing in financial assets abroad. This w ould help prevent the leakage of foreign exchange, generated by oil revenues or ODA, out of the econom y. ALLOCATING RESOURCES TO PRIORITY SECTORS The second
Bartleby.com: Da Leetla Boy
NEXT CONTENTS · BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD Jessie B. Rittenhouse, ed. (1869–1948). The Little Book of Modern Verse. 1917. 21. Da Leetla Boy By Thomas Augustine Daly DA spreeng ees com’! but oh, da joy Eet ees too late! He was so cold, my leetla boy, He no could wait...
Musicals101: The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical The
Musicals101.com - The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musicals The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film Sept. 12th marked the 136th anniversary of Broadway's first musical, The Black Crook With 800+ pages and 2600+ illustrations, this is still only a beginners course – but I h...
Insects for Kids
www.lifestudiesonline.com/aants.htm http://www.42explore.com/ants.htm http://www.4to40.com/encyclopedia/index.asp?id=11 Carpenter ants - http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/pdf/2063.pdf Arachnids - Not insects - but included here for the time being Spiders - http://www.pocanticohills...
Poverty, Old-Age and Social Pensions in Kenya
reduction com pared to a counter- factual situation when everyone receives exactly the sam e benefit from the service. Suppose that the average or m ean benefit generated from the program is denoted by b . The percentage change in aggregate poverty when the b am ount is given to everyone...
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reduction com pared to a counter- factual situation when everyone receives exactly the sam e benefit from the service. Suppose that the average or m ean benefit generated from the program is denoted by b . The percentage change in aggregate poverty when the b am ount is given to everyone is given by � ∂ ∂ = z dxxf x Pbd 0 )( θθ θ W e define the pro-poor policy index as the ratio of actual proportional poverty reduction from the program to the proportional poverty reduction that would have been
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=10
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=10
8 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 24 elderly, estim ates are developed for the cost and projected results for several possible designs of such a system in term s of the size of the benefits provided and the eligibility for participation. These include varying the benefit level from between 20 and 50% of per capita G D P, lim iting benefit eligibility to age 55 or 60, and different approaches to targeting benefits in the lowest incom e groups in <span class="highlight">com</span> parison to universal age related
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=11
Nanak Kakwani, H yun H . Son and Richard H inz 9 The food poverty lines were estim ated as follows: - Rural areas in 1994 – KShs 703 per adult per m onth - Urban areas in 1994 - KShs 875 per adult per m onth - Rural areas in 1997 – KShs 927 per adult per m onth - Urban areas in 1997 – KShs 1,254 per adult per m onth In addition, adjustm ents need to be m ade to account for the basic non-food requirem ents of the population. The non-food <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent in Kenya is calculated using the non-food
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=24
private dispensaries. For those under 60, the m ost frequent action when sick is also to visit a pharm acy (74 percent), followed by consulting a dispensary (12.4 percent). Attending a health centre or hospital is m ore <span class="highlight">com</span> m on for the non-elderly group <span class="highlight">com</span> pared to the elderly one. The 1994 W M S show s that nationally, 10.16 percent of the elderly over 60 w ho are sick do not receive treatment. The corresponding figure increased to 19.10 percent in 1997. For the w hole population, the figures for not
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=39
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=39
reduction <span class="highlight">com</span> pared to a counter- factual situation when everyone receives exactly the sam e benefit from the service. Suppose that the average or m ean benefit generated from the program is denoted by b . The percentage change in aggregate poverty when the b am ount is given to everyone is given by � ∂ ∂ = z dxxf x Pbd 0 )( θθ θ W e define the pro-poor policy index as the ratio of actual proportional poverty reduction from the program to the proportional poverty reduction that would have been
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=49
poverty line has increased at a faster rate than the CPI, poverty estim ates in 1994 and 1997 are not <span class="highlight">com</span> parable.
Is all Socioeconomic Inequality among Racial Groups in Brazil Caused by Racial Discriminat...
6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have com e to the conclusion that alth...
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6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have com e to the conclusion that although far from perfect, it is suitable for research on racial inequalities in the country. Although the classification has been a subject of passionate public debates, when specialists gather to discuss changing it
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=8
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=8
6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have <span class="highlight">com</span> e to the conclusion that although far from perfect, it is suitable for research on racial inequalities in the country. Although the classification has been a subject of passionate public debates, when specialists gather to discuss changing it
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=13
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=13
to prim ary education, for instance, was nearly universalized during the 1990s. However, <span class="highlight">com</span> pletion of prim ary education is still a problem , and access to secondary schools is a bottleneck in the educational system . Nevertheless, educational indicators disaggregated by race show a dim inishing proportional gap. At the sam e tim e, the absolute gap, depending on the indicator chosen, could be stable or even increasing. To illustrate such trends, we have constructed Chart 5, which shows the
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=14
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=14
12 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 was 5.6 percentage points. In three decades, this indicator jum ped to 25.1 per cent for Whites and 18.3 per cent for Blacks—so that the proportional gap was 1.4 but the absolute gap was 6.9 percentage points. CHART 5 Generalized Concentration Curves of the Adult Population w ith <span class="highlight">Com</span> pleted Secondary Education in the Incom e D istribution. Brazil, 1976-2005 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 W-1976 B-1976 W-1987 B-1987 W
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=18
16 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and D istrito Federal. The Southeast is: Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. And the South is: Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The educational path followed by students who enter the Brazilian educational system has rem ained the sam e during the period 1976-2005. Basically, seven-year-olds would enter prim ary school,13 which was <span class="highlight">com</span> posed of eight grades; after finishing prim ary
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=22
20 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 The differential between Blacks and Whites reached its peak in 1996, when the relative frequency of Whites attending university or college courses was m ore than five tim es greater than that of Blacks. At the sam e tim e, the proportion of Blacks still in prim ary school (19-23 years old) was twice that of Whites. Finally, in 2005, m ore than half of Whites still attending school were in tertiary or post-graduate courses, <span class="highlight">com</span> pared to less than one
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=23
odel, we use a dependent variable that is dichotom ous (i.e., literate or illiterate) to characterize our cohort. Five years later, in 1987, we expect the cohort to have <span class="highlight">com</span> pleted half of the cycle of prim ary education (i.e., fourth grade)—except for those born in 1977, who would have been expected to still be attending the fourth grade. So, in 1987 our dependent dichotom ous variable is <span class="highlight">com</span> pleted elem entary education (or not), and the m odel was run just for those 11-14 years of age. We m eet our
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=37
—that the effects of racial discrim ination are not independent of social origins. However, the evidence presented here suggests, interestingly, that am ong groups for which an educational outcom e has becom e <span class="highlight">com</span> m onplace, the effect of racial discrim ination is alm ost non-existent. The effects of racial discrim ination are also weaker am ong groups for which that outcom e is very uncom m on. Interestingly, such effects are m ore intense am ong the groups for which the outcom e is on the verge of becom
Moldova's Middle-Income 'Mistaken Identity': The Severe Income and Human Development Costs
Considering the alternative scenario, nam ely, designation of M oldova as low-incom e in the m id-1990s, is not a far-fetched counterfactual; countries in com parable circum stances were so designated as early as 1994. If the case of M oldova carries any general lessons, one surely is that th...
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Considering the alternative scenario, nam ely, designation of M oldova as low-incom e in the m id-1990s, is not a far-fetched counterfactual; countries in com parable circum stances were so designated as early as 1994. If the case of M oldova carries any general lessons, one surely is that the dichotom y between low- and m iddle-incom e status is not, by itself, a sound basis for determ ining m ultilateral lending or bilateral developm ent assistance. W hile in practice countries with incom e above but close to
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy11.pdf#page=17
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy11.pdf#page=17
Considering the alternative scenario, nam ely, designation of M oldova as low-incom e in the m id-1990s, is not a far-fetched counterfactual; countries in <span class="highlight">com</span> parable circum stances were so designated as early as 1994. If the case of M oldova carries any general lessons, one surely is that the dichotom y between low- and m iddle-incom e status is not, by itself, a sound basis for determ ining m ultilateral lending or bilateral developm ent assistance. W hile in practice countries with incom e above but close to
Conex o Dan ?a
pelos amantes da Cultura Hip Hop moradores nas comunidades carentes de Campinas. Além de refletir sobre o submundo das drogas que se contrapõe aos sonhos e desejos de milhares de jovens que fatalmente são enredados neste perigoso universo. O projeto inédito é ence...
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