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 The Post-Apartheid Evolution of Earnings Inequality in South Africa, 1995-2004
Phillippe G. Leite, Terry McKinley and Rafael Guerreiro O sorio 15 The decom position of changes in inequality yields three term s: one for the changes in the w eight of the incom e com ponent in total incom e; another for the changes in the concentration (i.e., relative distribution) of th...
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Phillippe G. Leite, Terry McKinley and Rafael Guerreiro O sorio 15 The decom position of changes in inequality yields three term s: one for the changes in the w eight of the incom e com ponent in total incom e; another for the changes in the concentration (i.e., relative distribution) of the incom e com ponent; and a third for the interaction betw een the tw o. Table 4 show s that the Gini coefficient of total incom e rose 2.7 per cent from 1995 to 2000 as a result of these factors. The first
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=7
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=7
Phillippe G. Leite, Terry McKinley and Rafael Guerreiro O sorio 5 C. DECOMPO SITIO N S O F THE GEN ERALIZED EN TRO PY MEASURES 1. STATIC D ECOM POSITION Generalized Entropy inequality indexes have the advantage—<span class="highlight">com</span> pared to the Gini coefficient—of being decom posable (statically) into sub-groups. For this study, w e use nine characteristics of the heads of households to differentiate the population into the follow ing sub-groups: Age of household head i) under 25, ii) 25-34, iii) 35-44, iv) 45
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=17
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=17
Phillippe G. Leite, Terry McKinley and Rafael Guerreiro O sorio 15 The decom position of changes in inequality yields three term s: one for the changes in the w eight of the incom e <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent in total incom e; another for the changes in the concentration (i.e., relative distribution) of the incom e <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent; and a third for the interaction betw een the tw o. Table 4 show s that the Gini coefficient of total incom e rose 2.7 per cent from 1995 to 2000 as a result of these factors. The first
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=32
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=32
30 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 32 APPEN D IX PO VERTY DECOMPO SITIO N PRESEN TED IN TABLE 1 Datt and Ravallion (1992) have proposed a decom position technique for Foster, Greer and Thorbecke poverty indices19 that identifies a grow th <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent (w hich is calculated by holding the Lorenz curve constant and allow ing the m ean to change), a redistribution <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent (w hich holds the m ean constant and allow s the Lorenz curve to change) and a residual term .20 Mathem atically
The Fiscal Implications of Scaling up ODA to Deal with the HIV/AIDS Pandemic
evidence provided by Bulíř and H am m an (2006) is that predictability, in term s of the relationship betw een com m itm ents and disbursem ent, has also deteriorated in the recent past. They report that “during 2000-03 average com m itm ents grew by about 4 percent...
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evidence provided by Bulíř and H am m an (2006) is that predictability, in term s of the relationship betw een com m itm ents and disbursem ent, has also deteriorated in the recent past. They report that “during 2000-03 average com m itm ents grew by about 4 percent, relative to 1995-98, w hile average disbursem ents fell by som e 5 percent during the sam e period” (Bulíř and H am ann, 2006, p.16). In addition, the predictability of aid appears to be w orse for the low -incom e countries, w ith countries
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCConferencePaper3.pdf#page=22
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCConferencePaper3.pdf#page=22
evidence provided by Bulíř and H am m an (2006) is that predictability, in term s of the relationship betw een <span class="highlight">com</span> m itm ents and disbursem ent, has also deteriorated in the recent past. They report that “during 2000-03 average <span class="highlight">com</span> m itm ents grew by about 4 percent, relative to 1995-98, w hile average disbursem ents fell by som e 5 percent during the sam e period” (Bulíř and H am ann, 2006, p.16). In addition, the predictability of aid appears to be w orse for the low -incom e countries, w ith countries
Cash Transfer Programmes in Brazil: Impacts on Inequality and Poverty
0.149 0.244 0.056 - 0.025 -0.137 0.203 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.2 RO BUSTNESS ANALYSIS O F TH E DISAGGREGATIO N O F TH E “O TH ER INCO M ES” CO M PO NENT In order to analyze the robustness of the disaggregation of the “other incom es” com...
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0.149 0.244 0.056 - 0.025 -0.137 0.203 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.2 RO BUSTNESS ANALYSIS O F TH E DISAGGREGATIO N O F TH E “O TH ER INCO M ES” CO M PO NENT In order to analyze the robustness of the disaggregation of the “other incom es” com ponent, w e w ill use the distribution of this com ponent in 1995 (at 2004 values) as our reference param eter.16 Let us assum e that the average real incom es from “interest” (the original 2004 other incom es) appropriated by each
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper21.pdf#page=24
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper21.pdf#page=24
0.149 0.244 0.056 - 0.025 -0.137 0.203 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.2 RO BUSTNESS ANALYSIS O F TH E DISAGGREGATIO N O F TH E “O TH ER INCO M ES” CO M PO NENT In order to analyze the robustness of the disaggregation of the “other incom es” <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent, w e w ill use the distribution of this <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent in 1995 (at 2004 values) as our reference param eter.16 Let us assum e that the average real incom es from “interest” (the original 2004 other incom es) appropriated by each
Can Privatisation and Commercialisation of Public Services Help Achieve The MDGs? An Asses...
South Asia 51 14.98 Sub-Saharan Africa 38 7.64 Total 748 100.00 Adapted from Izaguirre (2005). M oreover, m uch of the investm ent that is privately financed com es from taxpayers or end users. As discussed earlier, infrastructure projects are underwritten by a governm ent com m itm...
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South Asia 51 14.98 Sub-Saharan Africa 38 7.64 Total 748 100.00 Adapted from Izaguirre (2005). M oreover, m uch of the investm ent that is privately financed com es from taxpayers or end users. As discussed earlier, infrastructure projects are underwritten by a governm ent com m itm ent to pay for a fixed output at a price agreed on in foreign exchange. W here construction is carried out by the private sector, the governm ent still has to pay – although paym ent m ight be deferred or fall under an
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=28
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=28
South Asia 51 14.98 Sub-Saharan Africa 38 7.64 Total 748 100.00 Adapted from Izaguirre (2005). M oreover, m uch of the investm ent that is privately financed <span class="highlight">com</span> es from taxpayers or end users. As discussed earlier, infrastructure projects are underwritten by a governm ent <span class="highlight">com</span> m itm ent to pay for a fixed output at a price agreed on in foreign exchange. W here construction is carried out by the private sector, the governm ent still has to pay – although paym ent m ight be deferred or fall under an
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=47
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=47
NOTES 1. For a detailed update on progress toward each of the M D G s broken down by geographic region, see D FID (2005). 2. A <span class="highlight">com</span> m on exam ple is a ‘pass-through’ on costs, under which a pre-set form ula adjusts tariffs autom atically so that specified cost changes, e.g., oil prices, key inputs, and exchange rate fluctuations, are im m ediately reflected as increases in the tariff, typically without regulatory review. The purported goal of autom atic tariff adjustm ent is to provide a secure
Linkages between Pro-Poor Growth, Social Programmes and Labour Market: The Recent Brazilia...
Grow th rates by non-labour com ponents Non-labour income Period Labour income Social security Other non-labour Non-social income Total income Actual growth 1995-2004 -1.49 3.25 5.77 -2.43 -0.63 1995-2001 -1.30 4.69 0.73 -1.23 -0.30 2001-2004 -2.05 0.86 13.26 -3.69 -1.35 Pro-poor growth 1995...
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Grow th rates by non-labour com ponents Non-labour income Period Labour income Social security Other non-labour Non-social income Total income Actual growth 1995-2004 -1.49 3.25 5.77 -2.43 -0.63 1995-2001 -1.30 4.69 0.73 -1.23 -0.30 2001-2004 -2.05 0.86 13.26 -3.69 -1.35 Pro-poor growth 1995-2004 -0.73 3.12 29.94 1.43 0.73 1995-2001 -0.97 2.56 25.50 4.41 0.10 2001-2004 0.97 3.90 35.21 -1.97 3.07 Inequality 1995-2004 0.76 -0.13 24.17 3.86 1.36 1995-2001 0.32 -2.13 24.77 5.64 0.40 2001-2004
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper26.pdf#page=29
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper26.pdf#page=29
Grow th rates by non-labour <span class="highlight">com</span> ponents Non-labour income Period Labour income Social security Other non-labour Non-social income Total income Actual growth 1995-2004 -1.49 3.25 5.77 -2.43 -0.63 1995-2001 -1.30 4.69 0.73 -1.23 -0.30 2001-2004 -2.05 0.86 13.26 -3.69 -1.35 Pro-poor growth 1995-2004 -0.73 3.12 29.94 1.43 0.73 1995-2001 -0.97 2.56 25.50 4.41 0.10 2001-2004 0.97 3.90 35.21 -1.97 3.07 Inequality 1995-2004 0.76 -0.13 24.17 3.86 1.36 1995-2001 0.32 -2.13 24.77 5.64 0.40 2001-2004
A Proposed Strategy for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction in Uzbekistan
potential for achieving faster trend rates of grow th. Also, if m ore broadly based, such grow th could bring dram atic gains in em ploym ent and poverty reduction. FIGURE 1 Com parative Econom ic Perform ance of U zbekistan, GDP Grow th, 1991 – 2006 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 199...
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potential for achieving faster trend rates of grow th. Also, if m ore broadly based, such grow th could bring dram atic gains in em ploym ent and poverty reduction. FIGURE 1 Com parative Econom ic Perform ance of U zbekistan, GDP Grow th, 1991 – 2006 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Central Europe 4.5 Baltics 8.0 Others 9.0 Uzbekistan 5.1 Note: numbers in legend are growth rates 2000-06 Related to the need to achieve sustainable
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=7
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=7
potential for achieving faster trend rates of grow th. Also, if m ore broadly based, such grow th could bring dram atic gains in em ploym ent and poverty reduction. FIGURE 1 <span class="highlight">Com</span> parative Econom ic Perform ance of U zbekistan, GDP Grow th, 1991 – 2006 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Central Europe 4.5 Baltics 8.0 Others 9.0 Uzbekistan 5.1 Note: numbers in legend are growth rates 2000-06 Related to the need to achieve sustainable
The Reduction of Fiscal Space in Zambia�Dutch Disease and Tight-Money Conditionalit...
polices. The fiscal effect had tw o m ajor revenue com ponents: a fall in the dom estic-currency incom e equivalent of official developm ent assistance and a fall in trade taxes. In 2005, the negative effect on the public budget of the Kw acha appreciation w as largely balanced by the positi...
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polices. The fiscal effect had tw o m ajor revenue com ponents: a fall in the dom estic-currency incom e equivalent of official developm ent assistance and a fall in trade taxes. In 2005, the negative effect on the public budget of the Kw acha appreciation w as largely balanced by the positive im pact on reducing external debt service. This positive im pact ended, how ever, w ith debt relief and w as alm ost zero after 2005. Obviously, these revenue effects, though little noticed, had negative im plications
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy14.pdf#page=3
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy14.pdf#page=3
polices. The fiscal effect had tw o m ajor revenue <span class="highlight">com</span> ponents: a fall in the dom estic-currency incom e equivalent of official developm ent assistance and a fall in trade taxes. In 2005, the negative effect on the public budget of the Kw acha appreciation w as largely balanced by the positive im pact on reducing external debt service. This positive im pact ended, how ever, w ith debt relief and w as alm ost zero after 2005. Obviously, these revenue effects, though little noticed, had negative im plications
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy14.pdf#page=5
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy14.pdf#page=5
the second quarter of 2006. A subsequent depreciation brought the Kw acha back to the vicinity of 4,000 during the third quarter of 2006 through the third quarter of 2007. Nonetheless, the average for the first three quarters of 2007 w as 14 per cent below that for the first three quarters of 2005. This 14 per cent represented nom inal appreciation, w ith real appreciation being m uch larger (see W eeks, et al., 2007, Chapter 7). The national debate focused on the production of tradables, export <span class="highlight">com</span>
The Impact of Relative Prices on Welfare and Inequality in Brazil, 1995-2005
10 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 37 Chart 4 illustrates a case of second order stochastic dom inance using the 1995 and 2005 incom e distributions. If the tw o are com pared, neither dom inates the other in the first degree since the relatively poor w ere better off in 2...
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10 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 37 Chart 4 illustrates a case of second order stochastic dom inance using the 1995 and 2005 incom e distributions. If the tw o are com pared, neither dom inates the other in the first degree since the relatively poor w ere better off in 2005 and the relatively rich in 1995. H ow ever, since the accum ulated incom e in 2005 is greater than in 1995 for all positions, the form er dom inates the latter in the second order com parison. Put in other w ords
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper37.pdf#page=10
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper37.pdf#page=10
8 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 37 3.2 TH E EVO LUTIO N O F W ELFARE AND IN EQ U ALITY: 1995-2005 W e now analyze the evolution of w elfare and inequality am ong the Brazilian population through <span class="highlight">com</span> parison of sum m ary and full distribution m easures. W e also <span class="highlight">com</span> pare results obtained through the use of a general deflator w ith those obtained through the hundredth- specific deflators described in the previous section. Before proceeding further, w e w ish to w arn all readers that
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper37.pdf#page=12
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper37.pdf#page=12
10 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 37 Chart 4 illustrates a case of second order stochastic dom inance using the 1995 and 2005 incom e distributions. If the tw o are <span class="highlight">com</span> pared, neither dom inates the other in the first degree since the relatively poor w ere better off in 2005 and the relatively rich in 1995. H ow ever, since the accum ulated incom e in 2005 is greater than in 1995 for all positions, the form er dom inates the latter in the second order <span class="highlight">com</span> parison. Put in other w ords
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper37.pdf#page=20
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper37.pdf#page=20
each dim ension. H ow ever, the m agnitude of these effects depends upon how inflation and changes in relative prices are addressed: 1) specific deflators reduce average incom es by about seven percentage points – the black circles are alw ays below the grey circles in Chart 12; 2) specific deflators reduce the G ini coefficient by alm ost one G ini percentage point – the black circles are alw ays left-shifted <span class="highlight">com</span> pared to the grey circles; and 3) this <span class="highlight">com</span> bined result leads to only a sm all reduction
Covariates of efficiency in education production among developing pacific-basin and Latin ...
Paul. 2005. Evaluation and Com parison of Efficiency in Education Production am ong Developing Pacific-Basin and Latin-Am erican Countries. M im eo.
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Paul. 2005. Evaluation and Com parison of Efficiency in Education Production am ong Developing Pacific-Basin and Latin-Am erican Countries. M im eo.
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www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper14.pdf#page=20
Paul. 2005. Evaluation and <span class="highlight">Com</span> parison of Efficiency in Education Production am ong Developing Pacific-Basin and Latin-Am erican Countries. M im eo.
Fiscal Policy
24 Training Module No. 1 – Fiscal Policy BO X 1.3 A ctive Fiscal Policy in Vietnam During the period 1990-2005, Vietnam had one of the fastest grow th rates of any country in the w orld. U nlike m ost of the countries in the Southeast Asia region, it suffered little from the Asian Financia...
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24 Training Module No. 1 – Fiscal Policy BO X 1.3 A ctive Fiscal Policy in Vietnam During the period 1990-2005, Vietnam had one of the fastest grow th rates of any country in the w orld. U nlike m ost of the countries in the Southeast Asia region, it suffered little from the Asian Financial Crisis. Central to this success w as an active fiscal policy that em phasised public investm ent. Because of problem s of non-com parability of data, the analysis in the table below begins in 1995. Follow
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCTrainingModule1.pdf#page=24
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCTrainingModule1.pdf#page=24
24 Training Module No. 1 – Fiscal Policy BO X 1.3 A ctive Fiscal Policy in Vietnam During the period 1990-2005, Vietnam had one of the fastest grow th rates of any country in the w orld. U nlike m ost of the countries in the Southeast Asia region, it suffered little from the Asian Financial Crisis. Central to this success w as an active fiscal policy that em phasised public investm ent. Because of problem s of non-<span class="highlight">com</span> parability of data, the analysis in the table below begins in 1995. Follow
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