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 Is all Socioeconomic Inequality among Racial Groups in Brazil Caused by Racial Discriminat...
6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have com e to the conclusion that alth...
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6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have com e to the conclusion that although far from perfect, it is suitable for research on racial inequalities in the country. Although the classification has been a subject of passionate public debates, when specialists gather to discuss changing it
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=8
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=8
6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have <span class="highlight">com</span> e to the conclusion that although far from perfect, it is suitable for research on racial inequalities in the country. Although the classification has been a subject of passionate public debates, when specialists gather to discuss changing it
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=14
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=14
12 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 was 5.6 percentage points. In three decades, this indicator jum ped to 25.1 per cent for Whites and 18.3 per cent for Blacks—so that the proportional gap was 1.4 but the absolute gap was 6.9 percentage points. CHART 5 Generalized Concentration Curves of the Adult Population w ith <span class="highlight">Com</span> pleted Secondary Education in the Incom e D istribution. Brazil, 1976-2005 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 W-1976 B-1976 W-1987 B-1987 W
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=18
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=18
16 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and D istrito Federal. The Southeast is: Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. And the South is: Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The educational path followed by students who enter the Brazilian educational system has rem ained the sam e during the period 1976-2005. Basically, seven-year-olds would enter prim ary school,13 which was <span class="highlight">com</span> posed of eight grades; after finishing prim ary
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=22
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=22
20 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 The differential between Blacks and Whites reached its peak in 1996, when the relative frequency of Whites attending university or college courses was m ore than five tim es greater than that of Blacks. At the sam e tim e, the proportion of Blacks still in prim ary school (19-23 years old) was twice that of Whites. Finally, in 2005, m ore than half of Whites still attending school were in tertiary or post-graduate courses, <span class="highlight">com</span> pared to less than one
The Post-Apartheid Evolution of Earnings Inequality in South Africa, 1995-2004
14 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 32 allow us to split self-em ployed incom e from em ployer incom e. This is a distinct disadvantage because the self-em ployed are likely poorer than em ployers. Social insurance transfers com prise all types of regular receipts from pe...
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14 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 32 allow us to split self-em ployed incom e from em ployer incom e. This is a distinct disadvantage because the self-em ployed are likely poorer than em ployers. Social insurance transfers com prise all types of regular receipts from pensions, social w elfare and other governm ental grants. O ther regular incom es com prise item s such as royalties, interest, dividends, alim ony, and allow ances received from fam ily m em bers living elsew here. N
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=16
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=16
14 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 32 allow us to split self-em ployed incom e from em ployer incom e. This is a distinct disadvantage because the self-em ployed are likely poorer than em ployers. Social insurance transfers <span class="highlight">com</span> prise all types of regular receipts from pensions, social w elfare and other governm ental grants. O ther regular incom es <span class="highlight">com</span> prise item s such as royalties, interest, dividends, alim ony, and allow ances received from fam ily m em bers living elsew here. N
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=32
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper32.pdf#page=32
30 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 32 APPEN D IX PO VERTY DECOMPO SITIO N PRESEN TED IN TABLE 1 Datt and Ravallion (1992) have proposed a decom position technique for Foster, Greer and Thorbecke poverty indices19 that identifies a grow th <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent (w hich is calculated by holding the Lorenz curve constant and allow ing the m ean to change), a redistribution <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent (w hich holds the m ean constant and allow s the Lorenz curve to change) and a residual term .20 Mathem atically
A Proposed Strategy for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction in Uzbekistan
International Poverty Centre 3 investm ent ratios and capital-output ratios, the section recom m ends sustaining a six per cent long-term rate of econom ic grow th. Calculating such a rate does not assum e that the current favourable external dem and for Uzbekistan’s prim ary com m od...
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International Poverty Centre 3 investm ent ratios and capital-output ratios, the section recom m ends sustaining a six per cent long-term rate of econom ic grow th. Calculating such a rate does not assum e that the current favourable external dem and for Uzbekistan’s prim ary com m odities w ill continue indefinitely. The second part of the fourth section covers Industrial Policies, w hich are integrated w ith an expansionary m acroeconom ic fram ew ork and include various m easures: a ‘crow ding
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=5
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=5
International Poverty Centre 3 investm ent ratios and capital-output ratios, the section recom m ends sustaining a six per cent long-term rate of econom ic grow th. Calculating such a rate does not assum e that the current favourable external dem and for Uzbekistan’s prim ary <span class="highlight">com</span> m odities w ill continue indefinitely. The second part of the fourth section covers Industrial Policies, w hich are integrated w ith an expansionary m acroeconom ic fram ew ork and include various m easures: a ‘crow ding
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=27
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=27
International Poverty Centre 25 But it m aintains that the pattern of this grow th should be broad-based, resulting from a greater em ploym ent intensity of grow th and reductions in inequality. Uzbekistan has recently achieved relatively high rates of grow th, but these have been reliant on rising external dem and for prim ary <span class="highlight">com</span> m odities and have had not had a broad-based im pact on hum an w elfare. This study recom m ends that if Uzbekistan is going to sustain a long-term six per cent rate
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=29
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=29
International Poverty Centre 27 REFEREN CES Cornia, G iovanni Andrea (2006). ‘Macroeconom ic Poliices, Incom e Inequality and Poverty: Uzbekistan 1991-2005’ in G iovanni Andrea Cornia, Pro-Poor M acroeconomics: Potential and Limitations, Palgrave Macm illan for UNRISD. Cornia, G iovanni Andrea (Editor) (2003). Grow th and Poverty Reduction in Uzbekistan in the Next D ecade. Report to the G overnm ent of Uzbekistan <span class="highlight">com</span> m issioned by the Poverty G roup of the Bureau for Developm ent Policy, Septem
The Reduction of Fiscal Space in Zambia�Dutch Disease and Tight-Money Conditionalit...
International Poverty Centre 11 pd = m - yd W here Pd is the price index of non-tradables (pd its rate of change), Yd real output (yd its rate of change), v is the velocity of m oney (assum ed constant), and M is the m oney base (m its rate of change). If the Law of One Price holds, the dom...
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International Poverty Centre 11 pd = m - yd W here Pd is the price index of non-tradables (pd its rate of change), Yd real output (yd its rate of change), v is the velocity of m oney (assum ed constant), and M is the m oney base (m its rate of change). If the Law of One Price holds, the dom estic price of traded com m odities w ill be determ ined by the exchange rate. Therefore, p = α(m - yd) + (1 - a)βe W here e is the rate of change of the exchange rate and β, the ‘pass-through
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy14.pdf#page=13
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy14.pdf#page=13
International Poverty Centre 11 pd = m - yd W here Pd is the price index of non-tradables (pd its rate of change), Yd real output (yd its rate of change), v is the velocity of m oney (assum ed constant), and M is the m oney base (m its rate of change). If the Law of One Price holds, the dom estic price of traded <span class="highlight">com</span> m odities w ill be determ ined by the exchange rate. Therefore, p = α(m - yd) + (1 - a)βe W here e is the rate of change of the exchange rate and β, the ‘pass-through
Fiscal Policy
International Poverty Centre 11 elim inated w hen the m oney supply returns to its initial level, and it w ill have a different com position, w ith a higher share of dom estic credit and a low er share of international reserves. Inflation and balance of paym ents deficits can persist only i...
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International Poverty Centre 11 elim inated w hen the m oney supply returns to its initial level, and it w ill have a different com position, w ith a higher share of dom estic credit and a low er share of international reserves. Inflation and balance of paym ents deficits can persist only if dom estic credit increases continuously. U nder such circum stances, the econom y w ill suffer persistent inflation and a continuing balance of paym ents deficit, potentially leading to the exhaustion of the
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCTrainingModule1.pdf#page=11
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCTrainingModule1.pdf#page=11
International Poverty Centre 11 elim inated w hen the m oney supply returns to its initial level, and it w ill have a different <span class="highlight">com</span> position, w ith a higher share of dom estic credit and a low er share of international reserves. Inflation and balance of paym ents deficits can persist only if dom estic credit increases continuously. U nder such circum stances, the econom y w ill suffer persistent inflation and a continuing balance of paym ents deficit, potentially leading to the exhaustion of the
Cash Transfer Programmes in Brazil: Impacts on Inequality and Poverty
transferências não são a causa principal da redução da desigualdade”. Econômica. V.7 N.2. Dezem bro. IBG E (2006) “Aspectos Com plem entares de Educação e Acesso a Trasferências de Renda de Program m eas Sociais. PNAD. M...
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transferências não são a causa principal da redução da desigualdade”. Econômica. V.7 N.2. Dezem bro. IBG E (2006) “Aspectos Com plem entares de Educação e Acesso a Trasferências de Renda de Program m eas Sociais. PNAD. M edeiros, M .; Diniz, D.; Squinca, F. (2006)“Cash Benefits to Disabled Persons in Brazil: an analysis of the BPC – Continuous Cash Benefit Program m e”. IPC W orking Paper 16. Brasilia. International Poverty Centre. M DS – M inistério do Desenvolvim ento Social (2006) “M anual de O rientação do
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper21.pdf#page=32
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper21.pdf#page=32
transferências não são a causa principal da redução da desigualdade”. Econômica. V.7 N.2. Dezem bro. IBG E (2006) “Aspectos <span class="highlight">Com</span> plem entares de Educação e Acesso a Trasferências de Renda de Program m eas Sociais. PNAD. M edeiros, M .; Diniz, D.; Squinca, F. (2006)“Cash Benefits to Disabled Persons in Brazil: an analysis of the BPC – Continuous Cash Benefit Program m e”. IPC W orking Paper 16. Brasilia. International Poverty Centre. M DS – M inistério do Desenvolvim ento Social (2006) “M anual de O rientação do
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