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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: quantum gravity
background against which to evolve the foreground. However, the constraints pose a serious problem when one moves to quantum theory. 3.2.2 Problem of time All approaches to canonical quantum gravity face the so-called “problem of time” in one form or anothe...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: neuroscience, philosophy of
1949, although within the vector-space interpretation that follows.) A useful representation of this account is on a synaptic weight-error space, where one dimension represents the global error in the network's output to a given task, and all other dimensions represent the weight value...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: connectionism
’). Neural networks are simplified models of the brain composed of large numbers of units (the analogs of neurons) together with weights that measure the strength of connections between the units. These weights model the effects of the synapses that li...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Copenhagen interpretation of
can always draw a sharp distinction between the state of the measuring instrument being used on a system and the state of the physical system itself. It means that the physical description of the system is objective because the definition of any later state is not depende...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: respect
problematic, for one can evaluate something highly and yet not value it. For example, one can appraise someone's moral performance as stellar and hate or envy her for precisely that reason. Respect in the appraisal sense is not just evaluating but also valuing the object positively. The re...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: quantum field theory
1996) that the only way to reconcile QM and SRT is in terms of a field theory, so that (ii) and (iii) would coincide. Note that the steps (i), (ii) and (iii), i.e. quantization, transition to an infinite number of degrees of freedom, and reconciliation with SRT, are all o...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: federalism
ways to give public acknowledgment and recognition to groups and their members, sometimes on the very basis of previous domination. But identity politics also create challenges (Gutman 1994), especially in federal arrangements that face greater risks of instability and mu...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: quantum computing
problem be always correct, and allow probabilistic algorithms with a negligible probability of error, we can dramatically reduce the computational cost. Probabilistic algorithms are non-deterministic Turing machines whose transition function can randomly change the head's config...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: animal
the philosophical literature. Gordon Gallup (1970) developed an experimental test of mirror self-recognition (see the section on self-consciousness and metacognition below), and argues the performance of chimpanzees in this test indicates that they are self-aware. Gallu...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Levinas, Emmanuel
virtues (virtue ethics), then Levinas's philosophy is not an ethics. Levinas claimed, in 1961, that he was developing a “first philosophy.” This first philosophy is neither traditional logic nor metaphysics, however.[1] It is an interpretive, phenomenological description of the ri...
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