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 Can Privatisation and Commercialisation of Public Services Help Achieve The MDGs? An Asses...
Kate Bayliss and Tim Kessler 15 Privatisation proponents m aintain that all basic services can be im proved through increased form s of com petition. In the case of utilities, they argue that com petition in the bidding process itself helps reduce utility prices for consum ers. In...
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Kate Bayliss and Tim Kessler 15 Privatisation proponents m aintain that all basic services can be im proved through increased form s of com petition. In the case of utilities, they argue that com petition in the bidding process itself helps reduce utility prices for consum ers. In the case of health care, education, and electricity generation, privatisation advocates argue that consum ers benefit from direct com petition: low barriers to entry and the ability to choose am ong m ultiple
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=16
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=16
for-profit private sector are involved in unnecessary procedures, such as high rates of caesarian sections, unwarranted tests and surgeries (W orld Bank 2004). In the water sector, regulators are usually unable to <span class="highlight">com</span> pel firm s to disclose inform ation about perform ance or prices. Yet without such data, it is not possible to verify, for exam ple, if cost-based tariff increases are justified. In G abon, the regulator found it difficult to m onitor the activities of the private operator: “In the absence
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=17
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=17
Kate Bayliss and Tim Kessler 15 Privatisation proponents m aintain that all basic services can be im proved through increased form s of <span class="highlight">com</span> petition. In the case of utilities, they argue that <span class="highlight">com</span> petition in the bidding process itself helps reduce utility prices for consum ers. In the case of health care, education, and electricity generation, privatisation advocates argue that consum ers benefit from direct <span class="highlight">com</span> petition: low barriers to entry and the ability to choose am ong m ultiple
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=28
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=28
South Asia 51 14.98 Sub-Saharan Africa 38 7.64 Total 748 100.00 Adapted from Izaguirre (2005). M oreover, m uch of the investm ent that is privately financed <span class="highlight">com</span> es from taxpayers or end users. As discussed earlier, infrastructure projects are underwritten by a governm ent <span class="highlight">com</span> m itm ent to pay for a fixed output at a price agreed on in foreign exchange. W here construction is carried out by the private sector, the governm ent still has to pay – although paym ent m ight be deferred or fall under an
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=47
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=47
NOTES 1. For a detailed update on progress toward each of the M D G s broken down by geographic region, see D FID (2005). 2. A <span class="highlight">com</span> m on exam ple is a ‘pass-through’ on costs, under which a pre-set form ula adjusts tariffs autom atically so that specified cost changes, e.g., oil prices, key inputs, and exchange rate fluctuations, are im m ediately reflected as increases in the tariff, typically without regulatory review. The purported goal of autom atic tariff adjustm ent is to provide a secure
Assessing the pro-poorness of government fiscal policy in Thailand
8 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 15 w here µ is the m ean incom e of the disposable incom e and p qi i is the m ean expenditure of the ith com m odity. The first term in (17) is the incom e effect of the price increase, w hich is alw ays positive because θ&...
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8 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 15 w here µ is the m ean incom e of the disposable incom e and p qi i is the m ean expenditure of the ith com m odity. The first term in (17) is the incom e effect of the price increase, w hich is alw ays positive because θη , given in (4), is negative. The second term is the redistribution or inequality effect of price change. It is the redistribution effect that tells us w hether an increase in price pi hurts the poor proportionally m ore than
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=9
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=9
Hyun H. Son 7 To derive the elasticity, let us w rite the dem and equations of k <span class="highlight">com</span> m odities as q = q (x, p) w here p and q are the k × 1 vectors of prices and quantities of k <span class="highlight">com</span> m odities, and x is the disposable incom e. It is reasonable to assum e that all individuals face the sam e price vector, w hich m eans that the prices are fixed across individuals. Thus, w e w rite the dem and equation as q = q(x), w hich are the quantities consum ed by an individual w ith disposable incom e x.1 U
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=10
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=10
8 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 15 w here µ is the m ean incom e of the disposable incom e and p qi i is the m ean expenditure of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity. The first term in (17) is the incom e effect of the price increase, w hich is alw ays positive because θη , given in (4), is negative. The second term is the redistribution or inequality effect of price change. It is the redistribution effect that tells us w hether an increase in price pi hurts the poor proportionally m ore than
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=23
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper15.pdf#page=23
NOTES 1. Note that w riting the dem and equations in the form q=q(x) does not im ply that all ow n-price and cross-price elasticities of dem and are zero. It only im plies that prices do not vary across individuals. 2. CV= [e(u,p*)-e(u,p)] is the <span class="highlight">com</span> pensation variation, the <span class="highlight">com</span> pensation that should be given to an individual to m aintain his or her utility level the sam e as before the price change. 3. The poverty threshold is set using the calorie requirem ents of individuals that differ by age
Global Estimates of Pro-Poor Growth
ere com piled by the W orld Bank. The data com e from prim ary sources and are available at http://w w w .w orldbank.org/research/povm onitor. 3. W e have used the W orld Bank’s country classification. 4. W e w ere able to get the figures for consum er price indicies for all spe...
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ere com piled by the W orld Bank. The data com e from prim ary sources and are available at http://w w w .w orldbank.org/research/povm onitor. 3. W e have used the W orld Bank’s country classification. 4. W e w ere able to get the figures for consum er price indicies for all spells and countries except 4 spells and 2 countries. 5. W e have com piled the data for the share of agriculture in GDP for 227 spells.
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper31.pdf#page=26
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper31.pdf#page=26
ere <span class="highlight">com</span> piled by the W orld Bank. The data <span class="highlight">com</span> e from prim ary sources and are available at http://w w w .w orldbank.org/research/povm onitor. 3. W e have used the W orld Bank’s country classification. 4. W e w ere able to get the figures for consum er price indicies for all spells and countries except 4 spells and 2 countries. 5. W e have <span class="highlight">com</span> piled the data for the share of agriculture in GDP for 227 spells.
African American Heritage and Culture
Cover illustrations © 2007 by Rachel Isadora, from The Twelve Dancing Princesses 0108 RS Dial Books for Young Readers • Dutton Children’s Books Firebird • Grosset & Dunlap • Philomel Books Price Stern Sloan • Puffin Books • G. P. Putnam’s Sons Speak &bul...
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Cover illustrations © 2007 by Rachel Isadora, from The Twelve Dancing Princesses 0108 RS Dial Books for Young Readers • Dutton Children’s Books Firebird • Grosset & Dunlap • Philomel Books Price Stern Sloan • Puffin Books • G. P. Putnam’s Sons Speak • Viking Children’s Books Divisions of Penguin Young Readers Group 345 Hudson Street • New York, NY 10014 www .penguin .com/youngreaders
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http://us.penguingroup.com/static/images/yr/pdf/tl-guide-africanamerican.pdf#page=32
us.penguingroup.com/static/images/yr/pdf/tl-guide-africanamerican.pdf#pag...
Cover illustrations © 2007 by Rachel Isadora, from The Twelve Dancing Princesses 0108 RS Dial Books for Young Readers • Dutton Children’s Books Firebird • Grosset & Dunlap • Philomel Books Price Stern Sloan • Puffin Books • G. P. Putnam’s Sons Speak • Viking Children’s Books Divisions of Penguin Young Readers Group 345 Hudson Street • New York, NY 10014 www .penguin .<span class="highlight">com</span>/youngreaders
Measuring the Impact of Price Changes on Poverty
6 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 ( ) ( ) ( ) � = � � � � � � � � − = − n i i i i * i * p pp 1 θηθ θθ p pp (15) w here iθη is the elasticity of θ w ith res...
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6 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 ( ) ( ) ( ) � = � � � � � � � � − = − n i i i i * i * p pp 1 θηθ θθ p pp (15) w here iθη is the elasticity of θ w ith respect to the price of the ith com m odity as defined in (11). The term on the right hand side of (15) m easures the im pact of the change in prices on poverty. How can w e m easure w hether changes in prices are pro-poor or anti-poor? To answ er this question
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=3
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=3
MEASURING THE IMPACT OF PRICE CHANGES ON POVERTY* Hyun H. Son** and N anak Kakw ani ABSTRACT This paper develops a m ethodology to m easure the im pact of price changes on poverty m easured by an entire class of additive separable poverty m easures. This im pact is captured by m eans of price elasticity of poverty. The total effect of changes in price on poverty is explained in term s of tw o <span class="highlight">com</span> ponents. The first <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent is the incom e effect of the change in price and the second is the
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=4
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=4
2 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 1 INTROD UCTION Changes in relative prices can have a large im pact on poverty yet m ost studies do not address the issue of relative prices.1 In the m easurem ent of trends in poverty, a <span class="highlight">com</span> m on m ethod is to update the poverty line over tim e using the Laspeyres price index, w hich uses the average budget shares as the w eights. This index is <span class="highlight">com</span> pletely insensitive to the distributional im pact of prices. Kenneth Arrow in 1958 noted that
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=6
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=6
4 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 ( ) ( )xw x xqp x p p x i iii i −=−= ∂ ∂ (5) w here ( )iw x is the budget share of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity at incom e level x. This equation im plies that if the price of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity increases by 1 percent, the real incom e (m oney m etric individual utility) x w ill decline by ( )iw x percent. This result w ill be used in the next section to derive the poverty elasticity w ith respect to prices. 4 PRICE ELASTICITY OF POVERTY To
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=7
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=7
Hyun H. Son and N anak Kakw ani 5 ( ) ( ) � −== z i i i i dxxfxxw x Pp p 0 1 ∂ ∂ θθ∂ ∂θηθ (11) This elasticity has a sim ilar interpretation as the elasticity of the head-count ratio: if the price of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity increases by 1 percent, the poverty m easured by θ w ill increase by iθη percent. If all prices increase by one percent, then θ w ill increase by θη percent, w here θη is given by 1 0 1 ( ) zm i i P xf x dx x θ θη η θ
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=8
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=8
6 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 ( ) ( ) ( ) � = � � � � � � � � − = − n i i i i * i * p pp 1 θηθ θθ p pp (15) w here iθη is the elasticity of θ w ith respect to the price of the ith <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity as defined in (11). The term on the right hand side of (15) m easures the im pact of the change in prices on poverty. How can w e m easure w hether changes in prices are pro-poor or anti-poor? To answ er this question
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=10
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=10
non-food consum ed by the population. W e aggregated all the food and non-food item s of consum ption into 51 <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity groups w hich w e could exactly m atch in the price data and the PO F. The national prices for the 51 <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity groups w ere calculated as the w eighted average of the prices for the sam e 51 <span class="highlight">com</span> m odity groups available from the tw elve regions, w ith w eights proportional to the population of each region. To begin w ith, w e calculated the price elasticity of poverty for the
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=12
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=12
10 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 33 The percentage change in poverty due to price changes can be decom posed into tw o <span class="highlight">com</span> ponents, incom e and distribution effects. The incom e effect m easures the change in poverty w hen all prices increase uniform ly, w hereas the distribution effect captures the change in poverty because of changes in relative prices. The distribution effect reveals how changes in relative prices have affected the poor relative to the non-poor. It can be seen
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=17
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper33.pdf#page=17
theoretical fram ew ork to capture the im pact of prices on poverty. 2. N ote that this relationship w ill be the first-order approxim ation because in this study w e ignore the substitution effect of price changes. 3. In this paper, expenditure and incom e are interchangeably used as a w elfare m easure. 4. This function is also referred to as the cost function in the literature. See D eaton and M uellbauer (1980). 5. This equation is based on Hick’s (1946) <span class="highlight">com</span> pensation variation CV = [e(u,p*) - e(u,p)], w
Strengthening the Employment Impact of an MDG-Based Development Strategy for Yemen
(as a m eans to m aintain low inflation), the Central Bank should seek to low er interest rates in order to stim ulate m ore dom estic investm ent. Figure 2 show s that the m ain source of Yem en’s inflation is rising food prices, especially since 2000. Thus, a useful short-run policy respons...
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(as a m eans to m aintain low inflation), the Central Bank should seek to low er interest rates in order to stim ulate m ore dom estic investm ent. Figure 2 show s that the m ain source of Yem en’s inflation is rising food prices, especially since 2000. Thus, a useful short-run policy response to com bat inflationary pressures w ould be to initiate a food price stabilization program m e. This w ould help hold dow n real w ages and contribute to Yem en’s international com petitiveness in non-oil exports
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy4.pdf#page=16
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy4.pdf#page=16
(as a m eans to m aintain low inflation), the Central Bank should seek to low er interest rates in order to stim ulate m ore dom estic investm ent. Figure 2 show s that the m ain source of Yem en’s inflation is rising food prices, especially since 2000. Thus, a useful short-run policy response to <span class="highlight">com</span> bat inflationary pressures w ould be to initiate a food price stabilization program m e. This w ould help hold dow n real w ages and contribute to Yem en’s international <span class="highlight">com</span> petitiveness in non-oil exports
The Reduction of Fiscal Space in Zambia�Dutch Disease and Tight-Money Conditionalit...
International Poverty Centre 11 pd = m - yd W here Pd is the price index of non-tradables (pd its rate of change), Yd real output (yd its rate of change), v is the velocity of m oney (assum ed constant), and M is the m oney base (m its rate of change). If the Law of One Price holds, the dom...
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International Poverty Centre 11 pd = m - yd W here Pd is the price index of non-tradables (pd its rate of change), Yd real output (yd its rate of change), v is the velocity of m oney (assum ed constant), and M is the m oney base (m its rate of change). If the Law of One Price holds, the dom estic price of traded com m odities w ill be determ ined by the exchange rate. Therefore, p = α(m - yd) + (1 - a)βe W here e is the rate of change of the exchange rate and β, the ‘pass-through
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy14.pdf#page=13
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy14.pdf#page=13
International Poverty Centre 11 pd = m - yd W here Pd is the price index of non-tradables (pd its rate of change), Yd real output (yd its rate of change), v is the velocity of m oney (assum ed constant), and M is the m oney base (m its rate of change). If the Law of One Price holds, the dom estic price of traded <span class="highlight">com</span> m odities w ill be determ ined by the exchange rate. Therefore, p = α(m - yd) + (1 - a)βe W here e is the rate of change of the exchange rate and β, the ‘pass-through
Sculptures of Ancient Egypt
Sculptures Royalty Free Images Sphinxes Great Sphinx Great Sphinx Sphinxes at Karnak Sphinxes at Karnak Sphinx at Memphis Great Sphinx with Pyramid in Background Sculptures Colossus of Memnon Colossus of Memnon Colossus of Memphis Sculpture at Karnak Sculpture at Luxor Other Sc...
For full Report: South Africa
policymakers remain focused on employment creation as their primary objec- tive. Indeed, implementing an effective employment-targeted program should indeed enhance the capacity of policymakers to advance a broader economic policy agenda, since they can pursue other objectives—such as buildin...
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policymakers remain focused on employment creation as their primary objec- tive. Indeed, implementing an effective employment-targeted program should indeed enhance the capacity of policymakers to advance a broader economic policy agenda, since they can pursue other objectives—such as building a com- petitive capital goods industry—without neglecting the imperatives of job cre- ation and poverty reduction. NOTE 1. The CPIX consumer price index excludes interest rates on mortgage bonds, which are in
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=33
www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=3...
policymakers remain focused on employment creation as their primary objec- tive. Indeed, implementing an effective employment-targeted program should indeed enhance the capacity of policymakers to advance a broader economic policy agenda, since they can pursue other objectives—such as building a <span class="highlight">com</span>- petitive capital goods industry—without neglecting the imperatives of job cre- ation and poverty reduction. NOTE 1. The CPIX consumer price index excludes interest rates on mortgage bonds, which are in
Developing a Global Model for Trade, Finance and Income Distribution
4 International Poverty Centre Technical Paper nº 01 The value of tangible assets K at the end of each period is given by the position at the end of the prior period K-1 plus net investm ent I (purchases less sales and consum ption of fixed capital) and holding gains GK:8 [5] ( ) tttt IKK ++&eq...
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4 International Poverty Centre Technical Paper nº 01 The value of tangible assets K at the end of each period is given by the position at the end of the prior period K-1 plus net investm ent I (purchases less sales and consum ption of fixed capital) and holding gains GK:8 [5] ( ) tttt IKK ++≡ −11 λ w here [6] 1−≡ ttt KGK λ and λt is the rate of price change of the portfolio of tangible assets in each period. Finally, w ealth com prises tangible assets as w ell as the financial position: [7
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCTechnicalPaper1.pdf#page=6
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCTechnicalPaper1.pdf#page=6
4 International Poverty Centre Technical Paper nº 01 The value of tangible assets K at the end of each period is given by the position at the end of the prior period K-1 plus net investm ent I (purchases less sales and consum ption of fixed capital) and holding gains GK:8 [5] ( ) tttt IKK ++≡ −11 λ w here [6] 1−≡ ttt KGK λ and λt is the rate of price change of the portfolio of tangible assets in each period. Finally, w ealth <span class="highlight">com</span> prises tangible assets as w ell as the financial position: [7
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