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 Can Privatisation and Commercialisation of Public Services Help Achieve The MDGs? An Asses...
erous form s of m arket-based reform s, the m ost basic distinction is between com m ercialisation and privatisation. Broadly speaking, commercialisation is the process of transform ing a transaction into a com m ercial activity, in which goods or services acquire a m onetary value. U...
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erous form s of m arket-based reform s, the m ost basic distinction is between com m ercialisation and privatisation. Broadly speaking, commercialisation is the process of transform ing a transaction into a com m ercial activity, in which goods or services acquire a m onetary value. U nder this approach, a service provider seeks to cover m ost or all of its costs directly from individual (or household) service users. The reduction or elim ination of subsidies is a com m on form of com m ercialisation
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=8
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=8
erous form s of m arket-based reform s, the m ost basic distinction is between <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercialisation and privatisation. Broadly speaking, commercialisation is the process of transform ing a transaction into a <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercial activity, in which goods or services acquire a m onetary value. U nder this approach, a service provider seeks to cover m ost or all of its costs directly from individual (or household) service users. The reduction or elim ination of subsidies is a <span class="highlight">com</span> m on form of <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercialisation
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=9
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=9
bitious expectations of its prom oters. <span class="highlight">Com</span> m ercialisation <span class="highlight">Com</span> m ercialisation often signals an effort to cut fiscal deficits or generate m ore financial resources for the service itself. It can also discourage profligate use (as for exam ple in the water sector). <span class="highlight">Com</span> m ercialisation is perceived as an economic solution to the problem of scarce resources. Finance m inistries often prom ote <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercialisation to slash subsidies. Fiscal pressures can be so strong that financially viable and well-perform
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=15
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=15
Kate Bayliss and Tim Kessler 13 Private providers have strong incentives to lim it what regulators know about the utilities they operate. According to a W orld Bank researcher on infrastructure: “The fundam ental problem of regulation is one of asym m etric inform ation between the regulated <span class="highlight">com</span> pany and the regulatory agency. The regulated <span class="highlight">com</span> pany will have a strong incentive to abuse [its] strategic advantage by under-supplying inform ation or distorting the inform ation supplied” (Foster
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=18
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=18
private operators (G uasch 2004). The high level of renegotiation underm ines the nature of the <span class="highlight">com</span> petitive bidding process. W hile renegotiation m ay be expected in a long term project where conditions change over the years, evidence from Latin Am erica indicates that renegotiation takes place after an average of just 2.2 years from the start of the contract (Estache et. al. 2003). The need to m inim ize risks is leading both governm ents and private firm s to adopt short- term m anagem ent contracts
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=21
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=21
Kate Bayliss and Tim Kessler 19 The challenges of creating well-functioning electricity generation m arkets are dem onstrated m ost powerfully in developed countries, where regulatory institutions are m ore experienced and have far greater financial and personnel resources than in poor ones. According to the U S N ational <span class="highlight">Com</span> m ission on Energy Policy, “Electric industry restructuring [in the U S] has derailed. The m assive blackout of August 14, 2003 certainly was not needed to underscore the
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=39
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper22.pdf#page=39
or private, there is no substitute for political <span class="highlight">com</span> m itm ent to dedicate public resources toward these groups. Perhaps m ore im portantly than their econom ic weaknesses, <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercialisation and privatisation reduce the political pressure on governm ent leaders to take seriously the need to equitably allocate budgetary resources. W hen user fees contribute to self-financing or a long-term concession sim ply transfers responsibility from the State to a private <span class="highlight">com</span> pany, politicians are no longer
Strengthening the Employment Impact of an MDG-Based Development Strategy for Yemen
International Poverty Centre 15 m onetary policies. Appreciation of the exchange rate encourages capital outflow s, w hich can rob Yem en of potential developm ent resources. H ence, the Central Bank should regulate the capital account. A priority w ould be to restrict com m ercial banks f...
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International Poverty Centre 15 m onetary policies. Appreciation of the exchange rate encourages capital outflow s, w hich can rob Yem en of potential developm ent resources. H ence, the Central Bank should regulate the capital account. A priority w ould be to restrict com m ercial banks from investing in financial assets abroad. This w ould help prevent the leakage of foreign exchange, generated by oil revenues or ODA, out of the econom y. ALLOCATING RESOURCES TO PRIORITY SECTORS The second
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy4.pdf#page=17
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy4.pdf#page=17
International Poverty Centre 15 m onetary policies. Appreciation of the exchange rate encourages capital outflow s, w hich can rob Yem en of potential developm ent resources. H ence, the Central Bank should regulate the capital account. A priority w ould be to restrict <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercial banks from investing in financial assets abroad. This w ould help prevent the leakage of foreign exchange, generated by oil revenues or ODA, out of the econom y. ALLOCATING RESOURCES TO PRIORITY SECTORS The second
Is all Socioeconomic Inequality among Racial Groups in Brazil Caused by Racial Discriminat...
6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have com e to the conclusion that alth...
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6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have com e to the conclusion that although far from perfect, it is suitable for research on racial inequalities in the country. Although the classification has been a subject of passionate public debates, when specialists gather to discuss changing it
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=8
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=8
6 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Brazilians. That is to say, Brazilians tend to understand race by phenotype, particularly by skin colour and hair type. Generally speaking, those who have studied the racial classification in Brazil have <span class="highlight">com</span> e to the conclusion that although far from perfect, it is suitable for research on racial inequalities in the country. Although the classification has been a subject of passionate public debates, when specialists gather to discuss changing it
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=18
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=18
16 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 43 Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and D istrito Federal. The Southeast is: Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. And the South is: Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The educational path followed by students who enter the Brazilian educational system has rem ained the sam e during the period 1976-2005. Basically, seven-year-olds would enter prim ary school,13 which was <span class="highlight">com</span> posed of eight grades; after finishing prim ary
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=23
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=23
odel, we use a dependent variable that is dichotom ous (i.e., literate or illiterate) to characterize our cohort. Five years later, in 1987, we expect the cohort to have <span class="highlight">com</span> pleted half of the cycle of prim ary education (i.e., fourth grade)—except for those born in 1977, who would have been expected to still be attending the fourth grade. So, in 1987 our dependent dichotom ous variable is <span class="highlight">com</span> pleted elem entary education (or not), and the m odel was run just for those 11-14 years of age. We m eet our
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=37
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper43.pdf#page=37
—that the effects of racial discrim ination are not independent of social origins. However, the evidence presented here suggests, interestingly, that am ong groups for which an educational outcom e has becom e <span class="highlight">com</span> m onplace, the effect of racial discrim ination is alm ost non-existent. The effects of racial discrim ination are also weaker am ong groups for which that outcom e is very uncom m on. Interestingly, such effects are m ore intense am ong the groups for which the outcom e is on the verge of becom
Poverty, Old-Age and Social Pensions in Kenya
Nanak Kakwani, H yun H . Son and Richard H inz 9 The food poverty lines were estim ated as follows: - Rural areas in 1994 – KShs 703 per adult per m onth - Urban areas in 1994 - KShs 875 per adult per m onth - Rural areas in 1997 – KShs 927 per adult per m onth - Urban areas in 1997...
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Nanak Kakwani, H yun H . Son and Richard H inz 9 The food poverty lines were estim ated as follows: - Rural areas in 1994 – KShs 703 per adult per m onth - Urban areas in 1994 - KShs 875 per adult per m onth - Rural areas in 1997 – KShs 927 per adult per m onth - Urban areas in 1997 – KShs 1,254 per adult per m onth In addition, adjustm ents need to be m ade to account for the basic non-food requirem ents of the population. The non-food com ponent in Kenya is calculated using the non-food
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=11
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=11
Nanak Kakwani, H yun H . Son and Richard H inz 9 The food poverty lines were estim ated as follows: - Rural areas in 1994 – KShs 703 per adult per m onth - Urban areas in 1994 - KShs 875 per adult per m onth - Rural areas in 1997 – KShs 927 per adult per m onth - Urban areas in 1997 – KShs 1,254 per adult per m onth In addition, adjustm ents need to be m ade to account for the basic non-food requirem ents of the population. The non-food <span class="highlight">com</span> ponent in Kenya is calculated using the non-food
A Proposed Strategy for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction in Uzbekistan
International Poverty Centre 3 investm ent ratios and capital-output ratios, the section recom m ends sustaining a six per cent long-term rate of econom ic grow th. Calculating such a rate does not assum e that the current favourable external dem and for Uzbekistan’s prim ary com m od...
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International Poverty Centre 3 investm ent ratios and capital-output ratios, the section recom m ends sustaining a six per cent long-term rate of econom ic grow th. Calculating such a rate does not assum e that the current favourable external dem and for Uzbekistan’s prim ary com m odities w ill continue indefinitely. The second part of the fourth section covers Industrial Policies, w hich are integrated w ith an expansionary m acroeconom ic fram ew ork and include various m easures: a ‘crow ding
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=5
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=5
International Poverty Centre 3 investm ent ratios and capital-output ratios, the section recom m ends sustaining a six per cent long-term rate of econom ic grow th. Calculating such a rate does not assum e that the current favourable external dem and for Uzbekistan’s prim ary <span class="highlight">com</span> m odities w ill continue indefinitely. The second part of the fourth section covers Industrial Policies, w hich are integrated w ith an expansionary m acroeconom ic fram ew ork and include various m easures: a ‘crow ding
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=18
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=18
16 Country Study nº 12 The six areas outlined above present a m enu of options for the governm ent of Uzbekistan. It is not advisable to im plem ent all of them at once. This w ould m ake industrial policy unduly <span class="highlight">com</span> plex. The ones considered m ost critical to achieving success in Uzbekistan’s concrete circum stances should be given priority. 4.2.1 An Investm ent Bank The basic m echanism for the m obilization of saving in Uzbekistan w ould be an investm ent bank. The funding m echanism s for
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=20
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=20
increase in em ploym ent intensity w ould also have a pronounced im pact on reducing inequality, w hich has been on the rise in Uzbekistan. Achieving such an outcom e w ill involve a redirection of the additional resources generated by grow th 1) aw ay from the m ore capital-intensive sectors of the econom y, such as fuel and energy supplies, transport and <span class="highlight">com</span> m unication, and ferrous and non-ferrous m etals, w hich have been the foundation of the country’s previous State-Led Im port-Substitution Strategy
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=27
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy12.pdf#page=27
International Poverty Centre 25 But it m aintains that the pattern of this grow th should be broad-based, resulting from a greater em ploym ent intensity of grow th and reductions in inequality. Uzbekistan has recently achieved relatively high rates of grow th, but these have been reliant on rising external dem and for prim ary <span class="highlight">com</span> m odities and have had not had a broad-based im pact on hum an w elfare. This study recom m ends that if Uzbekistan is going to sustain a long-term six per cent rate
Fiscal Policy
International Poverty Centre 11 elim inated w hen the m oney supply returns to its initial level, and it w ill have a different com position, w ith a higher share of dom estic credit and a low er share of international reserves. Inflation and balance of paym ents deficits can persist only i...
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International Poverty Centre 11 elim inated w hen the m oney supply returns to its initial level, and it w ill have a different com position, w ith a higher share of dom estic credit and a low er share of international reserves. Inflation and balance of paym ents deficits can persist only if dom estic credit increases continuously. U nder such circum stances, the econom y w ill suffer persistent inflation and a continuing balance of paym ents deficit, potentially leading to the exhaustion of the
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCTrainingModule1.pdf#page=11
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCTrainingModule1.pdf#page=11
International Poverty Centre 11 elim inated w hen the m oney supply returns to its initial level, and it w ill have a different <span class="highlight">com</span> position, w ith a higher share of dom estic credit and a low er share of international reserves. Inflation and balance of paym ents deficits can persist only if dom estic credit increases continuously. U nder such circum stances, the econom y w ill suffer persistent inflation and a continuing balance of paym ents deficit, potentially leading to the exhaustion of the
Gearing macroeconomic polices to manage large inflows of ODA: The implications for HIV/AID...
10 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 17 com petitiveness of a country’s exports. The central bank can offset (sterilise) the aid induced increase in its assets (N FR) in various ways. First, it can sell governm ent bonds (CRG) to the non-bank private sector. Second, it...
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10 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 17 com petitiveness of a country’s exports. The central bank can offset (sterilise) the aid induced increase in its assets (N FR) in various ways. First, it can sell governm ent bonds (CRG) to the non-bank private sector. Second, it can raise the reserve requirem ent for com m ercial bank deposits, and thereby reduce their ability to create credit. Thirdly, it can ask the governm ent to shift its deposits from com m ercial banks to the central bank
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper17.pdf#page=12
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper17.pdf#page=12
10 International Poverty Centre W orking Paper nº 17 <span class="highlight">com</span> petitiveness of a country’s exports. The central bank can offset (sterilise) the aid induced increase in its assets (N FR) in various ways. First, it can sell governm ent bonds (CRG) to the non-bank private sector. Second, it can raise the reserve requirem ent for <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercial bank deposits, and thereby reduce their ability to create credit. Thirdly, it can ask the governm ent to shift its deposits from <span class="highlight">com</span> m ercial banks to the central bank
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper17.pdf#page=15
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper17.pdf#page=15
Anis Chowdhury with Terry M ckinley 13 3.2 LIM ITATIO N S O F TH E D U TCH D ISEASE M O D EL The logic of the D utch disease m odel is not <span class="highlight">com</span> pelling. First, the original D utch disease m odel does not consider the possibility of using sterilising m onetary policy in response to an excessive over-valuation of dom estic currency. As noted earlier, the central bank can sterilise the m onetary im pact of FA in a num ber of ways, such as selling its holdings of governm ent bonds, raising the reserve
Poverty among women in Latin America: Feminization or over-representation?
inization’ by that definition. The fem inization of poverty should rather be understood as a relative concept based on a w om en-m en com parison, w here w hat m atters are the differences (or ratios, depending on the w ay it is m easured) betw een w om en and m en at each m om ent. Con...
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inization’ by that definition. The fem inization of poverty should rather be understood as a relative concept based on a w om en-m en com parison, w here w hat m atters are the differences (or ratios, depending on the w ay it is m easured) betw een w om en and m en at each m om ent. Consequently, if poverty in a society is sharply reduced am ong m en and is only slightly reduced am ong w om en, there w ould be a fem inization of poverty. Therefore, tw o definitions of fem inization of poverty arise. The fem
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper20.pdf#page=6
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper20.pdf#page=6
inization’ by that definition. The fem inization of poverty should rather be understood as a relative concept based on a w om en-m en <span class="highlight">com</span> parison, w here w hat m atters are the differences (or ratios, depending on the w ay it is m easured) betw een w om en and m en at each m om ent. Consequently, if poverty in a society is sharply reduced am ong m en and is only slightly reduced am ong w om en, there w ould be a fem inization of poverty. Therefore, tw o definitions of fem inization of poverty arise. The fem
Gearing Public Finance to Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction in Moldova
COUNTRY STUDY PUBLISH ED BY TH E INTERNATIONAL POVERTY CENTRE GEARING PUBLIC FINANCE TO GRO W TH , EM PLO YM ENT AND PO VERTY RED UCTIO N IN M O LD O VA Terry M cKinley∗ This Country Study w as part of a com prehensive UNDP-supported national report on Econom ic Policies for Grow...
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COUNTRY STUDY PUBLISH ED BY TH E INTERNATIONAL POVERTY CENTRE GEARING PUBLIC FINANCE TO GRO W TH , EM PLO YM ENT AND PO VERTY RED UCTIO N IN M O LD O VA Terry M cKinley∗ This Country Study w as part of a com prehensive UNDP-supported national report on Econom ic Policies for Grow th, Em ploym ent and Poverty Reduction in M oldova. This study focuses on analysing M oldova’s public finances, including m obilizing m ore dom estic revenue, reducing its external and dom estic debt and re
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http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy3.pdf#page=3
www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy3.pdf#page=3
COUNTRY STUDY PUBLISH ED BY TH E INTERNATIONAL POVERTY CENTRE GEARING PUBLIC FINANCE TO GRO W TH , EM PLO YM ENT AND PO VERTY RED UCTIO N IN M O LD O VA Terry M cKinley∗ This Country Study w as part of a <span class="highlight">com</span> prehensive UNDP-supported national report on Econom ic Policies for Grow th, Em ploym ent and Poverty Reduction in M oldova. This study focuses on analysing M oldova’s public finances, including m obilizing m ore dom estic revenue, reducing its external and dom estic debt and re
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