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pensions. The results show that such a universal pension schem e would have cost 1.16 and 1.38 percent of G D P in 1994 and 1997, respectively. As expected, when eligibility is reduced to elderly over 60, costs fall to less than 1 percent of G D P per capita in both periods. For com parison, in India, the total expenditure on various safety net program s including old age pensions am ounted to 1.5 – 2 percent of G D P. Brazil, Nam ibia and South Africa spend 1, 2, and 1.4 percent of G D P, respectively, on

42 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=42 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=42

pensions. The results show that such a universal pension schem e would have cost 1.16 and 1.38 percent of G D P in 1994 and 1997, respectively. As expected, when eligibility is reduced to elderly over 60, costs fall to less than 1 percent of G D P per capita in both periods. For com parison, in India, the total expenditure on various safety net program s including old age pensions am ounted to 1.5 – 2 percent of G D P. Brazil, Nam ibia and South Africa spend 1, 2, and 1.4 percent of G D P, respectively, on

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper24.pdf#page=42

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Ageing and poverty in africa and the role of social pensions

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26 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 8 annum in the recent past. This suggests that the fiscal leverage from economic growth is likely to be extremely limited, if not nil, for low income countries of Africa in the medium term, and so the argument that universal social pensions can sustained in a “growth scenario” is tenuous at best. In sum, it appears desirable, in the larger interest of the elderly themselves, to target the pension to the poor among the elderly keeping the age cut off

28 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper8.pdf#page=28 www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper8.pdf#page=28

26 International Poverty Centre Working Paper nº 8 annum in the recent past. This suggests that the fiscal leverage from economic growth is likely to be extremely limited, if not nil, for low income countries of Africa in the medium term, and so the argument that universal social pensions can sustained in a “growth scenario” is tenuous at best. In sum, it appears desirable, in the larger interest of the elderly themselves, to target the pension to the poor among the elderly keeping the age cut off

www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper8.pdf#page=28

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For full Report: South Africa

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lower escrow con- tribution ratios—is to also create severe penalties for fraud along with strong incentives for “whistleblowers” to report abuses of the system. This means mobilizing incentives to monitor the system rather than relying primarily on government investigators to prevent fraud. This approach to monitoring fi- nancial market regulations was developed by Dean Baker (2003) with respect to the so-called Tobin Tax—a tax on speculative transactions in global cur- rency markets. A variation on Baker’s

148 0 http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=148 www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=1...

lower escrow con- tribution ratios—is to also create severe penalties for fraud along with strong incentives for “whistleblowers” to report abuses of the system. This means mobilizing incentives to monitor the system rather than relying primarily on government investigators to prevent fraud. This approach to monitoring fi- nancial market regulations was developed by Dean Baker (2003) with respect to the so-called Tobin Tax—a tax on speculative transactions in global cur- rency markets. A variation on Baker’s

www.undp-povertycentre.org/publications/reports/South%20Africa.pdf#page=1...

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Indiana Academic Standards-Wrld Hist and Civilization

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Approved October 2007 World History and Civilization, Page 5 WH.3.10 Describe and explain the rise and expansion of the Mongol empire and its consequences for Eurasian peoples, including the achievements of the great Khan in the context of Mongol society and his impact on history. Africa WH.3.11 Analyze and explain the rise and fall of the ancient Eastern and Southern African kingdoms of Kush and Axum, Abyssinia, and Zimbabwe. WH.3.12 Describe the rise and fall of the ancient kingdom of Ghana and

5 0 http://dc.doe.in.gov/Standards/AcademicStandards/PrintLibrary/docs-socialstudies/2007-ss-worldhistcivilization.pdf#page=5 dc.doe.in.gov/Standards/AcademicStandards/PrintLibrary/docs-socialstudies...

Approved October 2007 World History and Civilization, Page 5 WH.3.10 Describe and explain the rise and expansion of the Mongol empire and its consequences for Eurasian peoples, including the achievements of the great Khan in the context of Mongol society and his impact on history. Africa WH.3.11 Analyze and explain the rise and fall of the ancient Eastern and Southern African kingdoms of Kush and Axum, Abyssinia, and Zimbabwe. WH.3.12 Describe the rise and fall of the ancient kingdom of Ghana and

dc.doe.in.gov/Standards/AcademicStandards/PrintLibrary/docs-socialstudies...

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