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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: the biological notion of
reductionism and complex organismal constructions (Tauber 1999), each shares an unsettled relationship to Burnet's original dichotomous model of self and other (Langman 2000). 5. The Autonomous Immune System Well before the current debate about the immune self, Niels Jerne attempted...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: conservation biology
Conservation biology only emerged as a distinct professional enterprise with its own practices, cultures, and social institutions in the 1980s. In one sense, it is possible not only to place and date, but even to time, its emergence as an organized discipline: at about 5 p.m. (EST), 8...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: defeasible
prima facie reasons for some further belief, and you have no ultimately undefeated defeaters for those reasons, then that further belief is warranted and should be believed. For more details of Pollock's theory, see the following supplementary document: John Pollock's System Wolfgang Spoh...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: informal
determining whether an argument is persuasive or not. In keeping with this, an ad hominem argument may be understood as an attack on the ethos of an arguer which is in principle acceptable. This does not mean that every ad hominem is acceptable, but only those whic...
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: historicist theories of
the choices and weightings of values employed by different paradigms. Rationality can no longer be procedurally flow-charted. Rationality may only be saved by apparently ad hoc claims such as the claim that scientists are trained to reach a rational consensus in the absen...
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